Question 1

The process of _____ results in the amplification of particular B cells with specificity for antigen:

Accepted Answer

Clonal selection is the process by which the immune system selects and amplifies particular B cells with specificity for antigen. This process involves the recognition of antigen by B cell receptors (BCRs), followed by activation and proliferation of the selected B cells to produce a large number of identical clones, each with the ability to recognize and bind the same antigen. Germline recombination and somatic recombination refer to the processes that generate the diversity of BCRs prior to antigen exposure, while antigen processing and antigen presentation refer to the mechanisms by which antigen is processed and presented to B cells for recognition.

Question 2

_______ forms dimers,whereas _______ forms pentamers.

Accepted Answer

IgA can form dimers, especially in its secretory form, which is important for mucosal immunity. IgM, on the other hand, naturally forms pentamers, making it very effective in agglutinating antigens.

Question 3

Which immunoglobulin's main function is to mediate sensitization of mast cells?

Accepted Answer

IgE's main function is to mediate the sensitization of mast cells, causing the release of histamine and other chemical mediators in response to allergens. This is the mechanism behind allergic reactions such as hay fever and anaphylaxis.

Question 4

Influenza virus contains two proteins,called hemagglutinin and neuraminidase,exposed on the surface of the virion.Two additional proteins,located on the interior of the virion,are called matrix protein and nucleoprotein.Which of these four proteins will generate a better antibody response and why?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Influenza virus contains two proteins,called hemagglutinin and...

Question 5

A.Identify the four types of antibody used for therapeutic purposes.
B.How is each produced?
C.(i)Which is most desirable for the treatment of chronic conditions? (ii)Why? (iii)Provide an example.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A.Identify the four types of antibody used...

Question 6

The process used to produce either surface or secreted forms of the immunoglobulin heavy chain is called

Accepted Answer

Alternative RNA processing is the process by which a single gene can produce multiple mRNA transcripts by varying the way exons are spliced together. In the case of immunoglobulin heavy chains, alternative RNA processing can result in the production of either surface or secreted forms of the protein. Isotype switching, somatic recombination, somatic hypermutation, and opsonization are all processes involved in the development and function of antibodies, but they are not specifically related to the production of surface or secreted forms of immunoglobulin heavy chains.

Question 7

Which immunoglobulin isotypes (out of IgM, IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA, IgE, and IgD) participate in (a) neutralization; (b) opsonization; (c) sensitization for killing by NK cells; (d) sensitization of mast cells; (e) activation of complement? Which isotypes (f) are transported across epithelium; (g) are transported across the placenta; (h) diffuse into extravascular sites?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which immunoglobulin isotypes (out of IgM, IgG1,...

Question 8

Monoclonal antibodies are used for a wide range of applications including serological assays and diagnostics probes in the laboratory,and as therapeutic reagents in the clinic.Discuss why 'humanizing' monoclonal antibodies is necessary for use as therapeutic reagents but is not necessary when monoclonal antibodies are used as serological or diagnostic reagents.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Monoclonal antibodies are used for a wide...

Question 9

Which immunoglobulin is transported most efficiently across mucosal epithelium?

Accepted Answer

IgA is the most efficient immunoglobulin in crossing mucosal epithelium due to the presence of a specialized transport mechanism called the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) on the epithelial cells. This facilitates the transport of dimeric IgA through the epithelial cells and into the mucosal secretions.

Question 10

A.What is the difference between polyclonal antibodies and monoclonal antibodies?
B.How is each produced?

Accepted Answer

The answer of A.What is the difference between polyclonal antibodies...

Question 11

_____ is secreted into the bloodstream,whereas _____ is secreted into mucus such as gastrointestinal fluid,colostrum,saliva,tears,and sweat.

Accepted Answer

Monomeric IgA is secreted into the bloodstream, whereas dimeric IgA is secreted into mucus such as gastrointestinal fluid, colostrum, saliva, tears, and sweat. This is because the J chain, which is necessary for the formation of dimers or higher order structures, is only present in secretory IgA. Monomeric IgM and pentameric IgM are both secreted into the bloodstream, while IgG does not exist in a dimeric form.

Question 12

Identify which of the following is not associated with activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID)activity.

Accepted Answer

AID is involved in the diversification of both the VH and VL domains through somatic hypermutation and isotype switching. It is synthesized in proliferating B cells during active immune responses and catalyzes the conversion of cytosine to uracil. Therefore, choice A, which states that AID is not associated with diversification of the VL domain, is incorrect.

Question 13

A newborn derives passive immunity from its mother as a result of placental transfer of _____ during pregnancy.

Accepted Answer

IgG is the only antibody that can cross the placenta from mother to fetus, providing passive immunity to the newborn.

Question 14

Isotype switching and immunoglobulin gene rearrangement by somatic recombination are both recombinational processes but have very different outcomes.Give four ways in which they differ from each other.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Isotype switching and immunoglobulin gene rearrangement by...

Question 15

What would be the effect of a genetic defect that resulted in a lack of recombination between the switch regions in the immunoglobulin C-region genes?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What would be the effect of a...

Question 16

A.What is isotype switching?
B.Explain the molecular mechanism of isotype switching.
C.Why is isotype switching important?

Accepted Answer

The answer of A.What is isotype switching?
B.Explain the molecular mechanism...

Question 17

The antibody transported across mucosal epithelia is _____:

Accepted Answer

The answer of The antibody transported across mucosal epithelia is...

Question 18

Match between columns
                        Premises: opsonization
somatic hypermutation
isotype switching
somatic recombination.
monoclonal antibody production

Accepted Answer

The Answer of the derivation of antibodies from a single is...

Question 19

Match between columns
                        Premises: hinge region
κ
Fc
α
Fab

Accepted Answer

The Answer of the arms of the antibody that bind is...

Question 20

Match between columns
                        Premises: myeloma
hybridoma
chimeric monoclonal antibody
antiserum
monoclonal antibody

Accepted Answer

The Answer of engineered antibody containing mouse V regions and is...

Quiz 4: Antibody Structure and the Generation of B-Cell Diversity

The process of _____ results in the amplification of particular B cells with specificity for antigen:

_ forms dimers,whereas _ forms pentamers.

Which immunoglobulin's main function is to mediate sensitization of mast cells?

Influenza virus contains two proteins,called hemagglutinin and neuraminidase,exposed on the surface of the virion.Two additional proteins,located on the interior of the virion,are called matrix protein and nucleoprotein.Which of these four proteins will generate a better antibody response and why?

A.Identify the four types of antibody used for therapeutic purposes. B.How is each produced? C.(i)Which is most desirable for the treatment of chronic conditions? (ii)Why? (iii)Provide an example.

The process used to produce either surface or secreted forms of the immunoglobulin heavy chain is called

Which immunoglobulin is transported most efficiently across mucosal epithelium?

A.What is the difference between polyclonal antibodies and monoclonal antibodies? B.How is each produced?

_ is secreted into the bloodstream,whereas _ is secreted into mucus such as gastrointestinal fluid,colostrum,saliva,tears,and sweat.

Identify which of the following is not associated with activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) activity.

A newborn derives passive immunity from its mother as a result of placental transfer of _____ during pregnancy.

Isotype switching and immunoglobulin gene rearrangement by somatic recombination are both recombinational processes but have very different outcomes.Give four ways in which they differ from each other.

What would be the effect of a genetic defect that resulted in a lack of recombination between the switch regions in the immunoglobulin C-region genes?

A.What is isotype switching? B.Explain the molecular mechanism of isotype switching. C.Why is isotype switching important?

The antibody transported across mucosal epithelia is _____:

Match the term with its description.

Match the antibody term with its correct description.

Match the terms with its description.