Question 1

A law that placed restrictions on courses girls could take in high school would be evaluated by the courts using the

Accepted Answer

Laws that discriminate based on gender are evaluated using the intermediate scrutiny test, which requires the government to demonstrate that the law serves an important government interest and is substantially related to that interest. The other options (A, B, D, and E) are tests used to evaluate different types of discrimination cases, but are not applicable in this scenario.

Question 2

Since the height of the busing era, the trend in public schools has been

Accepted Answer

B

Question 3

Any law that includes a gender classification is subject to the

Accepted Answer

The intermediate scrutiny test is used by courts to evaluate laws that make gender classifications. The test requires that the government's classification serves an important governmental objective and that the classification is substantially related to the achievement of that objective. This standard is less rigorous than the strict scrutiny test, which is reserved for classifications based on race, national origin, or fundamental rights. The reasonable basis test and precedent basis test are not applicable in cases involving gender classifications, and the suspect classification test is not a legal standard used by courts.

Question 4

The focus of civil liberties is the ________ and the focus of civil rights is the ________.

Accepted Answer

Civil liberties generally pertain to individual freedoms and rights that are protected from government encroachment, such as freedom of speech or religion. On the other hand, civil rights are focused on ensuring equal treatment and opportunities for historically marginalized or oppressed groups, such as racial minorities or women. While the protection of individual rights may be a component of civil rights advocacy, the primary focus is on the collective rights of a group.

Question 5

In the 1967 decision of Loving v. Virginia, the Supreme Court

Accepted Answer

In Loving v. Virginia, the Supreme Court applied the strict scrutiny test for the first time in a case involving racial discrimination. The court held that Virginia's anti-miscegenation law violated the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment because it was based solely on racial classification, and racial classifications are subject to strict scrutiny. The court's decision overruled its own reasoning in the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision, which had upheld separate-but-equal segregation in public schools.

Question 6

In applying the reasonable basis test, courts tend to

Accepted Answer

When applying the reasonable basis test, courts only require the government to show that a particular law is reasonable. They do not consider the level of legislative support, whether the law is working well, or whether it results in equal treatment of Americans. Additionally, while the test does involve interpreting the equal protection clause, it is generally seen as a more lenient standard than strict scrutiny.

Question 7

The Fourteenth Amendment applies to discriminatory action by

Accepted Answer

The Fourteenth Amendment applies specifically to discriminatory actions by the government, not to private parties, the president, or Congress specifically. It is designed to ensure equal protection under the law and due process for all citizens, primarily focusing on state and local governments.

Question 8

One example of a policy that aimed chiefly to overcome de facto discrimination is

Accepted Answer

Busing to achieve racial integration in the schools aimed to overcome de facto discrimination by transporting students to schools outside their neighborhood in order to achieve greater racial diversity in the classroom. This policy was implemented in the 1970s when many schools still remained segregated due to historic housing patterns and discriminatory policies. By busing students to schools in different neighborhoods, it was hoped that racial integration could be achieved and de facto discrimination overcome.

Question 9

Disadvantaged Americans have generally gained their rights

Accepted Answer

Disadvantaged Americans, such as African Americans, women, and LGBTQ+ individuals, have historically had to fight against entrenched interests in order to gain their rights. Examples include the civil rights movement of the 1960s and the fight for marriage equality in recent years. These struggles often involved protests, civil disobedience, and other forms of activism. While some policies and judicial decisions have helped advance these causes, the progress has been driven by the determination and activism of the disadvantaged groups themselves.

Question 10

Which of the following is true?

Accepted Answer

All of these answers are correct. A) Public schools are becoming more segregated nationally. B) Many urban public school districts have ended the use of busing for desegregation purposes. C) White flight to suburban schools has made it more difficult to desegregate urban schools. D) The Supreme Court, after ordering cutbacks in busing, said that communities were free to use alternatives, such as increased spending on schools in poor neighborhoods.

Question 11

The Supreme Court concept of suspect classifications suggests that

Accepted Answer

The concept of suspect classifications suggests that laws that classify people differently on the basis of their race or ethnicity are presumed to have discrimination as their purpose. This means that such laws are closely scrutinized by the courts to determine whether they are constitutional or not.

Question 12

The Supreme Court's ruling in the Swann case on busing differed from the Brown decision in that Swann

Accepted Answer

The Swann case (Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, 1971) expanded on the Brown v. Board of Education (1954) decision by specifically addressing the issue of busing as a means to achieve desegregation, thus dealing with de facto discrimination. It applied not only to the South but also had implications for northern communities, making all the provided options correct in how Swann differed from Brown.

Question 13

The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom

Accepted Answer

The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom was a political rally held in 1963 in Washington, D.C., advocating for civil and economic rights for African Americans. It was a significant event in the Civil Rights Movement and led to the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The march was organized by a coalition of civil rights, labor, and religious organizations, with Martin Luther King Jr. as one of the leaders. It did not focus specifically on rights for the disabled, women's workplace rights, or the right to vote for women.

Question 14

In 2007 the Supreme Court ruled that the pursuit of racial integration in public schools through busing

Accepted Answer

The answer of In 2007 the Supreme Court ruled that...

Question 15

, the Supreme Court ruled that

Accepted Answer

This answer refers to the Supreme Court ruling in United States v. Virginia (1996) that male-only admissions policies at state-supported military academies were unconstitutional.

Question 16

The modern civil rights movement had a peak moment with the March on Washington in ________.

Accepted Answer

The March on Washington took place on August 28, 1963 and is considered a peak moment in the modern civil rights movement. It was there that Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his famous "I Have a Dream" speech.

Question 17

held that racial segregation in schools violated the

Accepted Answer

Brown v. Board of Education held that racial segregation in schools violated the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The Supreme Court ruled that separate educational facilities for black and white students were inherently unequal and denied black children equal protection under the law.

Question 18

Any law that attempts a racial or ethnic classification is subject to the

Accepted Answer

Any law that attempts a racial or ethnic classification is subject to the strict scrutiny test. This is because such laws are highly suspect and must meet a compelling government interest, be narrowly tailored to achieve that interest, and use the least restrictive means possible to achieve that interest. The other tests listed do not apply to racial or ethnic classifications.

Question 19

Culminating in a historic victory in 1954, black activists in the early twentieth century generally pursued civil rights through

Accepted Answer

Black activists in the early twentieth century pursued civil rights through legal action, such as court cases challenging segregation and discrimination. This included landmark cases such as Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896 and Brown v. Board of Education in 1954, which resulted in the desegregation of public schools. While legislative, presidential, bureaucratic, and media efforts were also utilized to some extent, legal action was a key strategy for achieving civil rights.

Question 20

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was aimed at eliminating discrimination

Accepted Answer

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 primarily aimed at eliminating discrimination by private individuals in their employment practices and in their operation of public accommodations (e.g., hotels, restaurants). While the Act also prohibited discrimination by government institutions in job practices and provision of services, it did not address issues related to elections or private individuals' social relations. Therefore, option D is the best choice.

Quiz 5: Equal Rights: Struggling Toward Fairness