Question 1

People who use energetic personal self-talk statements such as "I will keep going" are using which trait?

Accepted Answer

The use of energetic personal self-talk statements such as "I will keep going" indicates the trait of agency, which refers to an individual's sense of control over their own life and ability to take action towards achieving their goals. This reflects a belief in one's own ability to influence and impact the outcomes in their life. Self-esteem, subjective well-being, and optimism may also contribute to a person's sense of agency, but they are not explicitly demonstrated through this type of self-talk.

Question 2

In discussing the predictors of hope and its factors of pathways and agency, which of the following statements about ethnic differences is true?

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that in Asian-Americans, positive affect is a predictor of agentic thinking, whereas in African-Americans, social support is a stronger predictor. Studies have not focused specifically on Latin-Americans and their predictors of agentic thinking. In European-Americans, life satisfaction has been shown to be correlated with agency but not necessarily the strongest predictor.

Question 3

In proving its convergent validity, what factor was the Children's Hope Scale negatively correlated with?

Accepted Answer

The Children's Hope Scale was found to be negatively correlated with depression, indicating convergent validity as both measures are believed to be related to psychological well-being.

Question 4

The Life Orientation Test (LOT) is an index of ______.

Accepted Answer

The Life Orientation Test (LOT) is designed to measure optimism, which is the tendency to expect positive outcomes in life. Therefore, the best choice is C, optimism.

Question 5

Why was The Life Orientation Test (LOT) revised?

Accepted Answer

The Life Orientation Test (LOT) was revised because it overlapped with neuroticism, which indicated that it was not adequately distinguishing between optimism and neuroticism.

Question 6

After the revision and further study of the LOT and its factor structure, what discussion has risen about the concept of optimism?

Accepted Answer

The discussion that has risen about the concept of optimism after the revision and further study of the LOT and its factor structure is whether it should be viewed as a unidimensional or bidimensional characteristic.

Question 7

Native Americans, Latinos, African-Americans, and Asian Americans tend to perceive time in a way where many things are conceptualized as happening at once with people, which is called ______.

Accepted Answer

The correct term is "polychromic," which describes a cultural attitude towards time that sees it as less linear and more flexible, with a focus on multiple events or interactions happening simultaneously.

Question 8

In childhood, what is considered crucial in imparting hope?

Accepted Answer

Strong attachment, particularly with a caregiver or parent, is considered crucial in imparting hope in childhood. This secure attachment provides a foundation of safety and trust for children, allowing them to build resilience and optimism for the future. Financial stability, having good friends, and academic achievement are important factors in a child's overall well-being, but they do not necessarily directly impact the development of hope.

Question 9

Why was The Life Orientation Test (LOT) revised?

Accepted Answer

The LOT was revised because it overlapped with the construct of neuroticism.

Question 10

Research has shown that when waking up in the morning, individuals high in dispositional optimism have a lower response of which chemical?

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that individuals high in dispositional optimism have lower morning cortisol levels, which is associated with better physical and mental health outcomes.

Question 11

Which of the following traits has been shown to be a good predictor of satisfaction in interpersonal relationships?

Accepted Answer

Learned optimism is associated with positive thinking and resilience, which can enhance satisfaction in interpersonal relationships by promoting better communication and conflict resolution.

Question 12

Which researcher(s) would define optimism as the stable tendency to believe that good rather than bad things will happen?

Accepted Answer

Carver and Scheier defined optimism as the stable tendency to believe that good rather than bad things will happen in their theory called "Optimism and Pessimism: Implications for Theory, Research, and Practice."

Question 13

Which of the following is true about studies on culture, optimism, and pessimism?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is true about...

Question 14

Based on research about problem-solving and optimism in different cultures, who is most likely to demonstrate greater problem-solving skills while being pessimistic?

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that Chinese-Americans tend to have a high level of problem-solving skills even in situations of perceived failure or pessimism. This may be due to the cultural value of persistence and diligence in pursuing goals. Other cultures, such as African-American and Native American cultures, have been shown to prioritize optimism and positivity, which may not necessarily translate to improved problem-solving abilities in difficult situations.

Question 15

Teaching children pathways as an antecedent of hope reflects what kind of learning in children?

Accepted Answer

Teaching children pathways as an antecedent of hope reflects cause and effect learning in children because it shows them how their actions can lead to positive outcomes.

Question 16

What is a disadvantage of a past temporal orientation?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is a disadvantage of a past...

Question 17

Which term is described as the ability to see alternatives when one's route to a goal is blocked?

Accepted Answer

Pathways thinking refers to the ability to see multiple routes to achieving a goal when one pathway is blocked. Optimism refers to a positive outlook on life and future outcomes, agency refers to the sense of control an individual has over their actions and environment, and self-efficacy refers to the belief in one's ability to successfully perform a task or achieve a goal. Pathways thinking is the most appropriate term for the ability to see alternatives when one's route to a goal is blocked.

Question 18

The ability to go back and explore the explanatory style of famous historical figures in their speeches, diaries, or newspapers is a benefit of what measure of attributional style?

Accepted Answer

The CAVE Technique (Content Analysis of Verbatim Explanations) is a measure of attributional style that involves analyzing written or spoken explanations for events. It could be used to go back and explore the explanatory style of historical figures in their speeches, diaries, or newspapers. The ASQ (Attributional Style Questionnaire) and the LOT (Life Orientation Test) are measures of attributional style, but do not involve analyzing written or spoken explanations. The Hope Scale is a measure of hopefulness, not attributional style.

Question 19

What is an advantage of a present temporal orientation?

Accepted Answer

People with a present temporal orientation often derive great pleasure from engaging in intense activities, as they focus on the immediate experience and sensations.

Question 20

Lopez explains how hope is created from memories, which involves the ______.

Accepted Answer

Lopez explains that memories are processed in the hippocampus, which plays a role in creating hope through recalling positive experiences.

Quiz 8: Seeing Our Futures Through Self-Efficacy, Optimism, and Hope

People who use energetic personal self-talk statements such as "I will keep going" are using which trait?

In discussing the predictors of hope and its factors of pathways and agency, which of the following statements about ethnic differences is true?

In proving its convergent validity, what factor was the Children's Hope Scale negatively correlated with?

The Life Orientation Test (LOT) is an index of ______.

Why was The Life Orientation Test (LOT) revised?

After the revision and further study of the LOT and its factor structure, what discussion has risen about the concept of optimism?

Native Americans, Latinos, African-Americans, and Asian Americans tend to perceive time in a way where many things are conceptualized as happening at once with people, which is called ______.

In childhood, what is considered crucial in imparting hope?

Why was The Life Orientation Test (LOT) revised?

Research has shown that when waking up in the morning, individuals high in dispositional optimism have a lower response of which chemical?

Which of the following traits has been shown to be a good predictor of satisfaction in interpersonal relationships?

Which researcher(s) would define optimism as the stable tendency to believe that good rather than bad things will happen?

Which of the following is true about studies on culture, optimism, and pessimism?

Based on research about problem-solving and optimism in different cultures, who is most likely to demonstrate greater problem-solving skills while being pessimistic?

Teaching children pathways as an antecedent of hope reflects what kind of learning in children?

What is a disadvantage of a past temporal orientation?

Which term is described as the ability to see alternatives when one's route to a goal is blocked?

The ability to go back and explore the explanatory style of famous historical figures in their speeches, diaries, or newspapers is a benefit of what measure of attributional style?

What is an advantage of a present temporal orientation?

Lopez explains how hope is created from memories, which involves the ______.