Question 1

Regarding Heinz's dilemma, described in the textbook, a person who decides not to steal the drug for fear of being imprisoned is reasoning at the __________ stage.

Accepted Answer

The preconventional stage of moral development, as described by Lawrence Kohlberg, focuses on self-interest and avoiding punishment, which aligns with the reasoning based on fear of imprisonment.

Question 2

According to Piaget's ideas regarding moral development, the __________ stage is to subjective responsibility as the __________ stage is to objective responsibility.

Accepted Answer

In Piaget's theory of moral development, he described two stages of moral reasoning: heteronomous morality and autonomous morality. Heteronomous morality is characterized by subjective responsibility, where rules are seen as determined by authority figures and breaking rules results in punishment regardless of intention. This stage is typically found in children aged 4-10 and corresponds to Piaget's concrete operations stage of cognitive development. 
On the other hand, autonomous morality is characterized by objective responsibility, where rules are seen as agreed upon by members of a group and breaking rules results in guilt and social disapproval. This stage is typically found in children aged 10 and up and corresponds to Piaget's formal operations stage of cognitive development. Therefore, the answer is B because formal operations corresponds to autonomous morality and objective responsibility, while concrete operations corresponds to heteronomous morality and subjective responsibility.

Question 3

What is the sequence of stages of moral development as identified by Kohlberg?

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg identified three levels of moral development, each with two stages:
1) Preconventional: Stage 1- Punishment and Obedience Orientation, Stage 2- Individualism and Exchange
2) Conventional: Stage 3- Good Interpersonal Relationships, Stage 4- Maintaining the Social Order
3) Postconventional: Stage 5- Social Contract and Individual Rights, Stage 6- Universal Principles. 
So, the correct sequence is Preconventional, conventional, and postconventional. Option A has all the stages in the correct order.

Question 4

Jeremy is 17 years old. According to Erikson, his chief task will be acquiring a sense of

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, during adolescence the primary task is to establish a sense of identity. This involves exploring and determining one's sense of self, values, beliefs, and goals, and integrating these into a cohesive sense of identity. Initiatives, autonomy, and trust are important earlier in development, but at 17 years old, Jeremy is in the midst of the identity vs. role confusion stage of development.

Question 5

According to Kohlberg, behaviour motivated by the avoidance of punishment represents __________ morality.

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's theory of moral development describes three levels of moral reasoning: preconventional, conventional, and postconventional. In the preconventional level, individuals are motivated by avoiding punishment and seeking rewards. Therefore, behaviour motivated by the avoidance of punishment represents preconventional morality.

Question 6

Brad is in an electronics store with his parents. He looks at the CDs and thinks for a moment that he could grab one and put it beneath his coat. As he considers this possibility, he decides not to do it because he might get caught and his parents would punish him. What stage of moral development does Brad's decision represent?

Accepted Answer

Brad's decision is based on the potential for personal punishment, which aligns with the preconventional level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development, where moral reasoning is based on external consequences.

Question 7

Which of the following is one of the major criticisms of Kohlberg's scheme of moral development?

Accepted Answer

Research has shown only a modest relationship between scores on Kohlberg's scheme and real-world moral behavior, which raises questions about the validity of the scheme.

Question 8

Which age group tends to have lower job satisfaction?

Accepted Answer

Middle-aged adults tend to have lower job satisfaction due to factors such as increased job responsibilities, lack of career advancement, and a feeling of being stuck in their current job. Teenagers tend to have low job satisfaction due to the nature of entry-level or part-time jobs they may have, but this is often not a long-term issue. Young adults and people nearing retirement may be more satisfied with their jobs due to opportunities for growth and excitement or nearing the end of their careers, respectively.

Question 9

Joseph refuses to vote in major elections because he believes that most candidates are motivated by personal gain and not to create positive social change. Joseph's reasoning reflects

Accepted Answer

Joseph's reasoning reflects postconventional reasoning, which involves making decisions based on personal principles and ethical considerations, rather than conforming to societal norms or expectations.

Question 10

Liz disobeyed a police officer when he told her to do something that was against her conscience. She broke the law, only because she felt the law was unjust. Which stage of moral development is associated with this example?

Accepted Answer

Liz's behavior is characteristic of the postconventional stage of moral development, where individuals make moral decisions based on internalized ethical principles rather than external rules and laws. This behavior would not fit with the preconventional or conventional stages, where moral decisions are based more on fear of punishment or desire for social approval, respectively. The formal operational stage is focused more on cognitive abilities than moral reasoning.

Question 11

If you obey the rules because you're afraid of punishment, which stage of moral development does that represent?

Accepted Answer

This represents preconventional morality because the individual is motivated by fear of punishment or desire for reward, and is focused on avoiding negative consequences rather than considering ethical principles or the perspectives of others.

Question 12

Karla can speed on a certain stretch of the highway without being ticketed, yet she decides not to speed because it is unlawful. Karla's reasoning reflects __________ reasoning.

Accepted Answer

Karla's reasoning reflects conventional reasoning as she is following the societal norms and laws regarding speeding on the highway, even though she has the ability to do so without being caught.

Question 13

Karen has the impulse to shoplift, but when she begins thinking about how others would be disappointed with her actions, she resists. Karen's thinking illustrates __________ reasoning.

Accepted Answer

Karen's thinking illustrates conventional reasoning because she is concerned about the opinions and expectations of others, which is characteristic of the conventional level of moral development according to Kohlberg's theory.

Question 14

According to Kohlberg, most adolescents are at the __________ level of morality.

Accepted Answer

According to Kohlberg's theory on moral development, most adolescents are at the conventional level of morality. At this level, individuals are motivated by the desire to obey rules and gain approval from others. They view morality in terms of maintaining relationships and societal order, and they base their judgments on the norms and values of their social group. Adolescents in this stage are likely to believe that rules are important for maintaining order and that breaking rules is bad because it can result in punishment or disapproval from others.

Question 15

If a child is in Kohlberg's postconventional stage of moral development, which of Piaget's stages would that child also be in?

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's postconventional stage of moral development is characterized by the individual having their own set of moral guidelines that may differ from societal norms. This level of moral reasoning requires abstract thought and the ability to think critically about moral issues, which are skills developed in Piaget's fourth stage, formal operations. Therefore, a child in Kohlberg's postconventional stage of moral development would also be in Piaget's formal operations stage.

Question 16

Some people have morals that are based on well thought-out principles, even if those principles are against accepted social norms. Which stage of moral development does this represent?

Accepted Answer

This represents the postconventional stage of moral development, as individuals at this stage have developed their own moral principles and values that may not necessarily align with societal norms or laws. They have thought critically about these principles and may prioritize them over conforming to social expectations.

Question 17

Brad is 17 and is looking into career options. He is currently deciding whether he wants to become a gourmet chef or a race car driver. Brad is at what stage of Erik Erikson's psychosocial development?

Accepted Answer

Brad is at the stage of identity versus role confusion, which is characteristic of adolescence. At this stage, individuals are exploring different career options and trying to establish a sense of identity and purpose in life. Brad's consideration of two very different career paths suggests he is in this stage.

Question 18

According to Kohlberg, postconventional morality involves

Accepted Answer

Postconventional morality involves reasoning based on individual principles and values rather than external factors such as authority or peer pressure. Kohlberg believed that at this level, individuals understand and value ethical principles such as justice, equal rights, and human dignity, and are motivated to act in ways that benefit the greatest number of people.

Question 19

According to Kohlberg, behaviour motivated by the avoidance of punishment represents __________ morality.

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's theory of moral development proposes that preconventional morality, which is common in children, involves behavior driven by the desire to avoid punishment or gain rewards.

Question 20

According to Piaget, one's level of moral development is linked to one's level of

Accepted Answer

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, moral development is linked to cognitive development. Piaget believed that as children's cognitive abilities develop, they become better able to understand and reason about moral issues. Therefore, one's level of moral development is tied to their level of cognitive development.

Quiz 10: Human Development

Regarding Heinz's dilemma, described in the textbook, a person who decides not to steal the drug for fear of being imprisoned is reasoning at the __________ stage.

According to Piaget's ideas regarding moral development, the stage is to subjective responsibility as the stage is to objective responsibility.

What is the sequence of stages of moral development as identified by Kohlberg?

Jeremy is 17 years old. According to Erikson, his chief task will be acquiring a sense of

According to Kohlberg, behaviour motivated by the avoidance of punishment represents __________ morality.

Which of the following is one of the major criticisms of Kohlberg's scheme of moral development?

Which age group tends to have lower job satisfaction?

Joseph refuses to vote in major elections because he believes that most candidates are motivated by personal gain and not to create positive social change. Joseph's reasoning reflects

Liz disobeyed a police officer when he told her to do something that was against her conscience. She broke the law, only because she felt the law was unjust. Which stage of moral development is associated with this example?

If you obey the rules because you're afraid of punishment, which stage of moral development does that represent?

Karla can speed on a certain stretch of the highway without being ticketed, yet she decides not to speed because it is unlawful. Karla's reasoning reflects __________ reasoning.

Karen has the impulse to shoplift, but when she begins thinking about how others would be disappointed with her actions, she resists. Karen's thinking illustrates __________ reasoning.

According to Kohlberg, most adolescents are at the __________ level of morality.

If a child is in Kohlberg's postconventional stage of moral development, which of Piaget's stages would that child also be in?

Some people have morals that are based on well thought-out principles, even if those principles are against accepted social norms. Which stage of moral development does this represent?

Brad is 17 and is looking into career options. He is currently deciding whether he wants to become a gourmet chef or a race car driver. Brad is at what stage of Erik Erikson's psychosocial development?

According to Kohlberg, postconventional morality involves

According to Kohlberg, behaviour motivated by the avoidance of punishment represents __________ morality.

According to Piaget, one's level of moral development is linked to one's level of