Question 1

The manipulation of an independent variable in an experiment allows the researcher to learn about the causal relationship between the independent and ______ variables.

Accepted Answer

The manipulation of the independent variable in an experiment allows the researcher to learn about the causal relationship between the independent and dependent variables. The dependent variable is the variable that is being measured or observed and is affected by the manipulation of the independent variable. The other options, causal and matched, are not variables themselves but describe the relationship between variables (causal) or a way of controlling extraneous variables in an experiment (matched).

Question 2

There are areas of psychology where experiments are used more often than in others including the following except for ______.

Accepted Answer

Personality psychology often relies on self-report measures and clinical observations rather than experiments.

Question 3

Latin squares can be useful for within-subjects designs where independent variables have ______ level(s).

Accepted Answer

Latin squares are used in experimental design to control for the effects of two confounding variables, allowing each independent variable to be tested across all levels of other variables, implying multiple levels rather than just one or minimal levels.

Question 4

Random assignment is important for ______ variables in terms of the order in which participants receive the levels of the variable to control for possible order effects of the different levels of the variable.

Accepted Answer

Random assignment is crucial for within-subject variables because it helps control for order effects that could influence the outcomes of the experiment. In within-subject designs, the same participants are exposed to all levels of the variable, making it important to randomize the order to prevent systematic bias.

Question 5

In the ______ design, each subject serves as their own comparison.

Accepted Answer

In a within-subject design, each subject is exposed to all levels of the independent variable, and serves as their own comparison. This design is used when individual differences in the population may affect the results, and is often more powerful than between-subject designs. Therefore, the correct choice is within-subject (D).

Question 6

Researchers may (have)used twins to create a matched set of participants based on genetics.

Accepted Answer

Twin studies are commonly used in research to control for genetic and environmental factors by comparing identical twins who share 100% of their genetic material to fraternal twins who share only 50% of their genetic material, as well as non-twin siblings and unrelated individuals. This allows researchers to investigate the contributions of genes and environment to a variety of traits and behaviors.

Question 7

One benefit of within-subject designs is that they control for ______.

Accepted Answer

Within-subject designs control for individual differences because the same subjects are used in all conditions, which means that the variability among participants does not affect the comparison between conditions.

Question 8

Much of the research in the ______ area is focused on understanding factors that influence memory, perception, language processes, and decision-making.

Accepted Answer

The research focused on memory, perception, language processes, and decision-making indicates cognitive processes, making option A the best choice. Social psychology examines how individuals interact with others, biological psychology focuses on the physical basis of behavior, and personality psychology examines how personality traits influence behavior.

Question 9

The primary concern with ______ variables is the order in which the participants receive the different levels of the independent variable.

Accepted Answer

The concern with the order in which the participants receive the different levels of the independent variable is referred to as the carryover effect, which is primarily associated with within-subject designs. In within-subject designs, the same participants are exposed to all levels of the independent variable, making carryover effects a potential issue. In contrast, between-subject designs (C) involve different participants being randomly assigned to different levels of the independent variable, which limits the carryover effect. Independent design (A) and dependent design (B) are not commonly used terms in research design and are not relevant to this question.

Question 10

In within-subjects manipulations, each participant receives ______ levels of the independent variable.

Accepted Answer

In within-subjects manipulations, each participant receives all levels of the independent variable. This allows for comparison within the same individual, increasing the power of the study.

Question 11

In the ______ design, subjects' scores in one condition are compared with their scores in the other condition.

Accepted Answer

The within-subject design involves comparing subjects' scores in one condition to their scores in the other condition. This design is also known as a repeated measures design. In this type of design, each subject serves in both the experimental and control conditions, and the researcher is interested in how each subject responds to the different conditions. The within-subject design is useful when the researcher wants to control for individual differences between subjects and increase the power of the study.

Question 12

Order effects are a particular form of ______ effects.

Accepted Answer

Order effects occur when the order of presentation of stimuli or tasks affects participants' responses, such as fatigue or practice effects. Testing refers to the evaluation of participants through tasks or measures, making B the most appropriate option. Exam, grading, and biased do not accurately capture the concept of order effects.

Question 13

To account for possible confounds, Zula assigns to the control group and experimental group one male with high math scores, and one male with low math scores and the same with female students. This appears that Zula is using ______ to control confounds.

Accepted Answer

Zula is using matching to control confounds by selecting participants with similar characteristics in both the control and experimental groups. This will help to eliminate potential confounding variables related to gender and math ability.

Question 14

Counterbalancing is ______ when there are only two conditions that participants experience in an experiment.

Accepted Answer

Counterbalancing involves ensuring that all conditions in an experiment are experienced by participants in different orders to control for order effects. When there are only two conditions, it is easy to counterbalance because there is only one other possible order for the conditions to be presented in. Therefore, the best choice is B, easy.

Question 15

To attempt to equate the groups, participants are assigned to the different experimental treatment groups, they aren't allowed to choose the group they prefer. This is an example of ______ to control confounds.

Accepted Answer

Randomizing the assignment of participants to different experimental groups helps to control for confounding variables by ensuring that any differences between the groups are due to chance rather than some pre-existing characteristic of the participants. This helps to increase the internal validity of the study by reducing the likelihood of alternative explanations for the results. Counterbalancing, squaring, and matching are all techniques that can be used to control for confounding variables in certain circumstances, but they are not the best choice in this scenario.

Question 16

A participant's gender, personality, and smoking status ______ be independent variables.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A participant's gender, personality, and smoking status...

Question 17

A(n) ______ variable is manipulated such that participants are randomly assigned to levels.

Accepted Answer

When participants are randomly assigned to different levels of a variable, it is known as manipulating the independent variable. Therefore, the best answer is independent variable (Choice A).

Question 18

Diana has an independent variable with three levels. She uses a Latin-square design to help ensure that the orders in which participants experience the levels of the independent variable occur equally as often across participants. She is ______ the order of treatments.

Accepted Answer

Diana is counterbalancing the order of treatments by using a Latin-square design. This helps ensure that each level of the independent variable occurs an equal number of times in each possible order, minimizing any potential order effects.

Question 19

Random assignment is a means of controlling for participant differences across groups and ______ the internal validity of the experiment.

Accepted Answer

Random assignment increases the internal validity of an experiment by reducing the likelihood that participant differences will influence the results. Random assignment helps to ensure that each group is representative of the larger population and that any differences observed between the groups are likely due to the manipulation of the independent variable.

Question 20

To simplify the counterbalancing, a partial counterbalancing technique, called a ______ square, can be used.

Accepted Answer

The partial counterbalancing technique called a Latin square is commonly used in experimental designs to simplify the counterbalancing process. It involves systematically varying the order in which the conditions are presented in order to control for order effects. It is a useful technique when there are a large number of conditions, but it is not as effective as a full counterbalancing technique.

Quiz 12: More About One-Factor Experiments