Question 1

The best example of a researcher who developed widely accepted theories based upon inductive reasoning is:
A)Erving Goffman
B)Emile Durkheim
C)Karl Marx
D)Max Weber
E)Guillermina Jasso

Accepted Answer

A

Question 2

Which of the following topics would a macrotheorist be more likely to study than a microtheorist?
A)The effect of judge's instructions on jury deliberations
B)The relationships between government,family and the economy
C)The grandparent-grandchild relationship
D)Student-faculty interactions
E)Dating behaviors

Accepted Answer

Macrotheorists tend to study large-scale social phenomena, such as institutions, social structures, and societal dynamics, while microtheorists focus on individual-level interactions and behaviors. The relationships between government, family, and the economy are examples of topics that fall under macro-level analysis.

Question 3

Which of the following illustrates the use of the inductive method?
A)Hypothesis,observations,accept or reject hypothesis
B)Observations,pattern finding,and generalizations
C)Theory,hypothesis,observations,generalizations
D)Theory,observations,and generalizations
E)Generalizations,theory,and observations

Accepted Answer

The inductive method involves making observations, finding patterns, and making generalizations to form a hypothesis. Choice B illustrates this method.

Question 4

Scientific inquiry is a process involving an alternation of deduction and induction.

Accepted Answer

Scientific inquiry involves the use of deductive reasoning to generate hypotheses and testable predictions, followed by inductive reasoning to analyze the data collected and draw conclusions. This alternation of deduction and induction is a fundamental aspect of the scientific method.

Question 5

The traditional model of science uses inductive logic.

Accepted Answer

The traditional model of science uses inductive logic by observing patterns and making generalizations from them to form hypotheses and theories.

Question 6

Maureen is performing a study in which she interviews disabled military veterans about how they are adapting to being back home.She is focusing on questions about what it means to be perceived by others as both "disabled" and a "veteran." What paradigm is Maureen's work most likely shaped by?
A)Ethnomethodology
B)Critical Race
C)Symbolic interactionism
D)Structural functionalism
E)Conflict

Accepted Answer

Maureen's study is most likely shaped by symbolic interactionism, as she is focusing on how disabled veterans navigate and make meaning of their dual identities as disabled and veterans in their interactions with others. Symbolic interactionism emphasizes the importance of understanding how individuals construct meaning and how their interactions with others shape their behavior and perception of self.

Question 7

The idea that knowledge is based on observation made through one of the five senses rather than on belief alone is termed:
A)conflict theory
B)social systems theory
C)structural functionalism
D)positivism
E)either structural functionalism or social systems theory

Accepted Answer

The idea that knowledge should be based on observable evidence rather than belief is the fundamental concept of positivism. Choice A, B, C, and E are all sociological theories that do not relate to knowledge acquisition.

Question 8

In deduction we start from observed data and develop a generalization that explains the relationship between the observed concepts.

Accepted Answer

Deduction involves moving from specific observed data to generalizations that explain the relationship between the observed concepts.

Question 9

A sociologist with a symbolic interactionist orientation would be MOST likely to do research on which of the following question(s)?
A)Is conflict inevitable in the sibling relationship?
B)What function does marriage serve for society?
C)What is the effect of economic conditions on the crime rate?
D)Which unstated norms govern the interactions between family members?
E)All of these choices are equally likely to be asked by a symbolic interactionist.

Accepted Answer

Symbolic interactionists are interested in studying how people create and interpret meaning through their interactions with each other. Therefore, they are more likely to study unstated norms and how they govern interactions between family members rather than topics like conflict in the sibling relationship, the function of marriage for society, or economic conditions and crime rates.

Question 10

A model or scheme for helping us organize and interpret the world is referred to as :
A)paradigm
B)theory
C)hypothesis
D)law
E)concept

Accepted Answer

A paradigm is a model or framework that helps us organize and interpret information about the world.

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a function of theory for research?
A)Theory helps to prevent our being taken in by flukes
B)Theory helps to gloss over any shortcomings in research findings
C)Theory helps us to make sense out of observed patterns
D)Theory shapes and directs research efforts
E)Theory helps us to explain occurrences

Accepted Answer

Theory does not help to gloss over any shortcomings in research findings; rather, it helps us to identify and address them.

Question 12

While doing research on crime,Professor Middler notes that crime creates jobs in law enforcement and related careers.He also notices that crime reinforces community norms when criminals are caught and punished.Professor Middler has probably adopted a _______ approach to the study of crime.
A)conflict theory
B)social Darwinism
C)structural functionalism
D)ethnomethodology
E)symbolic interactionism

Accepted Answer

Professor Middler's observation that crime creates jobs and reinforces community norms suggests that he is adopting a structural functionalist approach. Structural functionalism emphasizes the ways in which various aspects of society, including crime and law enforcement, work together to maintain social order and stability.

Question 13

Social scientists generally believe that the succession from one paradigm to another represents progress from a false view to a true one.

Accepted Answer

Social scientists view paradigm shifts as progress towards a more accurate view of reality.

Question 14

Studying the discrepancy in police response for burglary cases when compared to corporate embezzlement would likely be coming from a _____________ paradigm.
A)conflict
B)symbolic interactionist
C)feminist
D)ethnomethodologist
E)structural functionalist

Accepted Answer

The answer of Studying the discrepancy in police response for...

Question 15

The Minamata disease,a disease which produced severe nervous disorders and birth defects,was traced to the fact that the Chisso Chemical Company dumped mercury into a bay where Japanese villagers fished.The villagers of Minamata,where the company was located,refused to sue the chemical company.However,the residents of Niigata,a fishing village forty miles up the river from the factory,sued the chemical company.Which of the following explanations flows from the conflict paradigm?
A)The Minamata victims were less likely to be tied socially,economically,and physically to the company than were the Niigato victims.
B)The Japanese culture frowns on lawsuits
C)The chemical company controlled more of the village resources in Minamata than in Niigato
D)People in Niigato aren't as nice as people in Minamata
E)None of these choices

Accepted Answer

The conflict paradigm suggests that power and resource control influence social actions. The chemical company likely had more control over resources in Minamata, discouraging lawsuits.

Question 16

Which of the following outlines the steps in the traditional of science model?
A)Empirical observations,theoretical understanding,operationalization of concepts,a testable hypothesis
B)Theoretical understanding,a testable hypothesis,operationalization of concepts,empirical observations
C)Theoretical understanding,operationalization of concepts,a testable hypothesis,empirical observations
D)Operationalization of concepts,a testable hypothesis,empirical observations,theoretical understanding
E)A testable hypothesis,operationalization of concepts,empirical testing,theoretical understanding

Accepted Answer

The traditional model of science begins with a theoretical understanding, followed by operationalization of concepts and formation of a testable hypothesis. Empirical observations come last, as the hypothesis is tested through experimentation and data collection.

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT TRUE of paradigms?
A)Paradigms shape the kinds of observations we are likely to make
B)Paradigms determine the kinds of facts we will discover
C)Paradigms shape the conclusions that we draw from facts
D)Paradigms determine whether we look at micro or macro concerns
E)Paradigms are selected by a researcher to achieve desired results

Accepted Answer

Paradigms are not selected by researchers to achieve desired results. They are frameworks or perspectives that shape the way we view and interpret the world around us. While a researcher may choose a specific paradigm to work within, they do not select it for the purpose of achieving a particular outcome.

Question 18

Sophisticated positivists assume that humans will always act rationally.

Accepted Answer

While positivists do emphasize the importance of empirical evidence and objectivity, they do not assume that humans will always act rationally. Some positivists recognize that human behavior can be influenced by emotional or psychological factors, as well as by social and cultural contexts.

Question 19

The idea that knowledge is based on observations made through the five senses rather than on beliefs is called positivism.

Accepted Answer

This is correct. Positivism is a philosophical approach that emphasizes the importance of empirical evidence and scientific method in the acquisition of knowledge. It holds that only the things that can be observed or measured are knowable, and that knowledge should be based on objective facts rather than subjective beliefs or values.

Question 20

The conflict paradigm is limited to economic analysis.

Accepted Answer

The conflict paradigm is not limited to economic analysis, but can also be applied to social and political analysis. It focuses on the idea that social structures and systems create and perpetuate inequality and conflict.

Quiz 2: Paradigms, Theory, and Research

The best example of a researcher who developed widely accepted theories based upon inductive reasoning is:

Which of the following topics would a macrotheorist be more likely to study than a microtheorist?

Which of the following illustrates the use of the inductive method?

Scientific inquiry is a process involving an alternation of deduction and induction.

The traditional model of science uses inductive logic.

Maureen is performing a study in which she interviews disabled military veterans about how they are adapting to being back home.She is focusing on questions about what it means to be perceived by others as both "disabled" and a "veteran." What paradigm is Maureen's work most likely shaped by?

The idea that knowledge is based on observation made through one of the five senses rather than on belief alone is termed:

In deduction we start from observed data and develop a generalization that explains the relationship between the observed concepts.

A sociologist with a symbolic interactionist orientation would be MOST likely to do research on which of the following question(s) ?

A model or scheme for helping us organize and interpret the world is referred to as :

Which of the following is NOT a function of theory for research?

While doing research on crime,Professor Middler notes that crime creates jobs in law enforcement and related careers.He also notices that crime reinforces community norms when criminals are caught and punished.Professor Middler has probably adopted a _______ approach to the study of crime.

Social scientists generally believe that the succession from one paradigm to another represents progress from a false view to a true one.

Studying the discrepancy in police response for burglary cases when compared to corporate embezzlement would likely be coming from a _____________ paradigm.

Which of the following outlines the steps in the traditional of science model?

Which of the following is NOT TRUE of paradigms?

Sophisticated positivists assume that humans will always act rationally.

The idea that knowledge is based on observations made through the five senses rather than on beliefs is called positivism.

The conflict paradigm is limited to economic analysis.