Question 1

People's attributions for themselves and for others depend on a variety of factors. Describe how one's self-attributions may be partly a function of six of the following:
-Age
-Situational cues
-History of success and failure
-Messages from others
-Culture
-Gender
-Self-protective bias
-Image management

Accepted Answer

The answer of People's attributions for themselves and for others...

Question 2

Three of the following statements describe advantages of challenging tasks for motivation. Which statement does not accurately describe the motivational effects of a challenge?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Three of the following statements describe advantages...

Question 3

You are hired to teach a struggling student we'll call her Joyce) more effective study skills. Describe six different strategies that you will teach Joyce so that she can study and learn more effectively. Include at least one strategy for helping Joyce learn new concepts as she studies and at least one strategy that will enable her to transfer what she is learning to new situations.

Accepted Answer

The answer of You are hired to teach a struggling...

Question 4

Compare the behaviorist and cognitive approaches to learning, identifying at least four differences between these two approaches.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Compare the behaviorist and cognitive approaches to...

Question 5

In its discussion of motivation, the textbook describes mastery goals, performance-approach goals, and performance-avoidance goals.
a. In a short paragraph, explain how these three types of goals are different.
b. Describe four ways in which students with mastery goals and those with performance goals especially those with performance-avoidance goals) are likely to think and/or act differently.
c. List three strategies you might use to promote mastery goals. Illustrate each one with a concrete example of something you might do.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In its discussion of motivation, the textbook...

Question 6

Motivation and cognition frequently interact in their effects on learning and performance. Describe at least two different ways in which motivation affects cognition and at least two different ways in which cognition affects motivation. Give concrete examples to illustrate your discussion.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Motivation and cognition frequently interact in their...

Question 7

Three of the following statements are accurate descriptions of how competition affects motivation and affect. Which statement is not accurate?

Accepted Answer

Losers in a competitive situation are more likely to attribute their losses to external factors or lack of ability rather than their own lack of effort.

Question 8

Perspectives such as behaviorism and social cognitive theory show us how the consequence reinforcement or punishment) of a particular behavior affects the extent to which the behavior is likely to appear again. Attribution theory has cast a new light on this notion, maintaining that the consequences of behavior will affect each person's learning and future behavior differently depending on how the individual interprets those consequences. Within the context of attribution theory:
a. Explain what motivation theorists mean when they talk about attributions.
b. Explain how learners' responses to failure are likely to be different when they attribute that failure to a controllable cause or to an uncontrollable one. Give a concrete example to illustrate your explanation.
c. Describe three specific strategies you might use to foster more productive attributions in others. In each case, use attribution theory to explain why you think the strategy should be effective.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Perspectives such as behaviorism and social cognitive...

Question 9

Many principles of motivation can be summed up with the mnemonic "TARGETS": task, autonomy, recognition, grouping, evaluation, time, and social support. In seven paragraphs, describe seven strategies-one each related to each of the seven TARGETS variables-you might use to motivate students in a classroom. Illustrate each strategy with a specific, concrete example of what you might do.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Many principles of motivation can be summed...

Question 10

Reinforcement plays a major role in both operant conditioning and social cognitive theory. Identify two ways in which the role of reinforcement is different in the two perspectives.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Reinforcement plays a major role in both...

Question 11

Many learning theorists propose that elaboration sometimes occurs in learning.
a. Define what they mean by the term elaboration, and give a concrete example to illustrate it.
b. Explain:
i. Why theorists recommend that learners elaborate as much as possible
ii. How schemas and scripts are often involved in elaboration
iii. Why different people may elaborate differently on the same information
iv. Why elaboration sometimes leads to the storage of inaccurate information

Accepted Answer

The answer of Many learning theorists propose that elaboration sometimes...

Question 12

Describe what cognitive psychologists mean by the process of construction. Illustrate your explanation with three examples, one related to each of the following:
a. Perception
b. Long-term memory storage
c. Long-term memory retrieval

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe what cognitive psychologists mean by the...

Question 13

Explain each of the following situations using what you have learned about attributions.
a. After a history of school failures, Marcus eventually stops trying to do well.
b. A fifth-grade teacher gives her class a difficult mathematics test, and many of her students fail it. She tells her class that she will give them a different test over the same material tomorrow. Many of the boys in the class say they will go home and study again. Some of the girls say that they already studied once, and it didn't do much good, so why bother?
c. Samantha's mother helps her study for an addition test on Tuesday and a subtraction test on Thursday. Samantha passes the Tuesday test and is quite proud of herself. She fails the Thursday test and blames her mother for not helping her enough.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain each of the following situations using...

Question 14

Choose either an educational or a therapeutic setting. Identify three implications of each of these perspectives-behaviorism, social cognitive theory, and cognitive psychology-for the setting you have selected.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Choose either an educational or a therapeutic...

Question 15

Three of the following strategies are consistent with the textbook's recommendations for forming expectations and attributions for student performance. Which one is not consistent with the textbook's recommendations?

Accepted Answer

The textbook recommends using objective measures, such as tests and assignments, to assess student achievement rather than relying solely on subjective impressions.

Question 16

Explain the difference between rote learning and meaningful learning from the perspective of contemporary cognitive psychology. Now distinguish between the two forms of learning in terms of the following:
a. Which one leads to faster storage in long-term memory, and why?
b. Which one leads to faster retrieval from long-term memory, and why?
c. Which one promotes better transfer and problem solving, and why?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain the difference between rote learning and...

Question 17

Describe the effects of extrinsic reinforcement from these four perspectives:
-Operant conditioning
-Drive reduction
-Self-determination
-Attributions
Explain how the four perspectives are similar and different with respect to reinforcement's effects.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the effects of extrinsic reinforcement from...

Question 18

Eileen is reluctant to go out for the school soccer team. We want to enhance her self-confidence about becoming a successful soccer player. If we consider the textbook's recommendations for communicating optimistic attributions, the best thing we can say to Eileen is:

Accepted Answer

Choice B provides both the acknowledgement of Eileen's existing ability and the potential for improvement through learning and practice. This attribution encourages a growth mindset and emphasizes the importance of effort rather than innate talent. Additionally, it avoids the pessimistic attribution of luck mentioned in option D, which could possibly decrease Eileen's self-confidence.

Question 19

Describe the sequence through which, according to Deci and Ryan, motivation may become increasingly internalized over time. Use a concrete example to illustrate your discussion.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the sequence through which, according to...

Question 20

The textbook describes a number of cognitive factors affecting motivation. Briefly describe each of the following factors, giving a concrete example and explaining how you might promote it in a classroom or other applied setting.
a. Personal interest
b. Situational interest
c. Expectancy
d. Value
e. Mastery goal

Accepted Answer

The answer of The textbook describes a number of cognitive...

Quiz 16: Cognitive Factors in Motivation