Question 1

Glycogen Storage Disease Type II (GSD II),also known as Pompe disease,is a metabolic disorder that leads to the accumulation of glycogen in muscles and neurons throughout the body.It is caused by a defect in an enzyme that is normally housed with other enzymes that are involved in breaking down large macromolecules.What organelle is most likely affected by this disease?

Accepted Answer

GSD II is caused by a defect in the enzyme acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA), which normally breaks down glycogen in lysosomes. Therefore, lysosomes are the organelle most likely affected by this disease.

Question 2

Scientists believe that stimulating growth of algae and other organisms can reduce carbon dioxide amounts in the atmosphere.Where is carbon dioxide consumed in a plant cell?

Accepted Answer

Carbon dioxide is consumed during photosynthesis, which occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts in plant cells.

Question 3

Sulfolobus are archaea that are commonly found in geothermal environments,with an optimum growth temperature of about 80°C.What feature allows archaea to thrive at such temperatures?

Accepted Answer

Archaeal membranes contain special lipids, such as ether-linked phospholipids, that are more stable at high temperatures compared to the ester-linked phospholipids found in bacteria and eukaryotes. This allows archaea to maintain the integrity of their cell membranes and function properly at high temperatures.

Question 4

If you were to use antibodies that were chemically bonded to a stain in order to visualize the expression pattern of a protein in a fixed tissue,what experimental techniques and equipment would be applicable?

Accepted Answer

Immunohistochemistry involves the use of antibodies chemically bonded to a stain to visualize the expression pattern of proteins in tissues, and bright-field microscopy is commonly used to view these stained samples.

Question 5

Individuals that are heavy smokers may eventually have trouble clearing the mucous from their lungs because the structures that move fluid along the epithelial lining of the lung become damaged over time.What are these structures called?

Accepted Answer

Cilia are hair-like projections on the surface of cells that help to move fluid and other materials along the epithelial lining of the respiratory tract. Heavy smoking can damage these structures, leading to difficulty clearing mucous from the lungs.

Question 6

As ATP moves from the matrix of the mitochondrion to the cytoplasm of a cell,how many membranes will it pass?

Accepted Answer

ATP will pass through the inner and outer membranes of the mitochondrion, which means two membranes in total.

Question 7

Mitochondrial disorders can be caused by mutations in all the following except:

Accepted Answer

Cytoplasmic DNA does not exist, as mitochondrial DNA is the only DNA present in the mitochondria. Therefore, mutations can only occur in mitochondrial DNA or nuclear DNA, and not cytoplasmic DNA.

Question 8

Given what is known about the minimal essential functions of cellular life,if you could create an artificial cell,what cellular structures must you include?

Accepted Answer

The minimal essential functions of cellular life include the ability to synthesize proteins, store genetic material, maintain a barrier to the outside environment, and utilize energy. Ribosomes are necessary for protein synthesis, and therefore essential for cellular life. Although other cellular structures may be beneficial or even necessary for more complex organisms, a cell can still survive without a cell wall, mitochondria, or a nucleus.

Question 9

Based on the function of mitochondria,what substance is able to pass through the outer membrane of the mitochondria easily?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell, responsible for producing ATP through the process of cellular respiration. Oxygen is required for this process and can easily pass through the outer membrane of the mitochondria.

Question 10

Streptomycin is an antibiotic that interferes with the function of the 30S subunit of the prokaryotic ribosome.What is the consequence of treating a bacteria with streptomycin?

Accepted Answer

Streptomycin interferes with the function of the 30S subunit of the prokaryotic ribosome, which is involved in protein synthesis. Therefore, treating a bacteria with streptomycin would impair protein synthesis.

Question 11

Cardiac muscle cells are connected by special junctions called intercalated discs.Intercalated discs provide strength between cells of tissues which exhibit high mechanical stress,strong flexible connections between tissue cells,and electrical excitability between the cells.Using this information,which junctions are present in intercalated discs?

Accepted Answer

Intercalated discs contain gap junctions for electrical excitability and communication, adherens junctions for strong mechanical attachments, and desmosomes for added strength and flexibility, allowing cardiac muscle cells to work together efficiently during contractions.

Question 12

If a water molecule passes through the outer membrane of a chloroplast,how many more membranes will it have to move through to be in the stroma?

Accepted Answer

A chloroplast has a double membrane structure. After passing through the outer membrane, a water molecule only needs to pass through the inner membrane to reach the stroma.

Question 13

When a vesicle moves along microtubules toward the center of the cell,the molecular motor(s)________ are used?

Accepted Answer

Dynein is the molecular motor responsible for moving vesicles toward the minus end of microtubules, which is generally directed toward the center of the cell, in a process known as retrograde transport.

Question 14

During which cellular process do all three forms of RNA associate?

Accepted Answer

During protein synthesis, all three forms of RNA (mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA) come together to form a functional ribosome that allows for the translation of the genetic code into a protein.

Question 15

Alcohol consumption adversely affects the synthesis of molecules involved in protein degradation,which can eventually lead to liver damage.Given this information,which organelle in liver cells is most directly affected by alcohol consumption?

Accepted Answer

The rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is directly involved in the synthesis of proteins. Alcohol consumption affects protein synthesis and degradation, implicating the RER's critical role in these processes.

Question 16

What is the difference between mitochondria and chloroplasts?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria and chloroplasts are both organelles found in eukaryotic cells, but they have different functions and origins. Mitochondria are involved in cellular respiration, producing ATP through oxidative metabolism, and are derived from bacteria that were engulfed by ancestral eukaryotic cells. Chloroplasts are involved in photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy, and are derived from photosynthetic bacteria that were also engulfed by ancestral eukaryotic cells. Therefore, choice C is the best option as it accurately describes the difference between the two organelles. A, B, and D are incorrect because they do not accurately differentiate between mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Question 17

You have identified an enzyme that appears to be involved in the addition of palmityl group (a fatty acid)to certain proteins.Knowing that palmitoylated proteins are usually targeted for delivery to the plasma membrane,in which organelles might this enzyme be expressed?

Accepted Answer

The addition of a fatty acid (palmityl group) to proteins is a process known as palmitoylation. Palmitoylated proteins are usually targeted for delivery to the plasma membrane. The Golgi apparatus is responsible for modifying and sorting proteins for delivery to their final destination, while the endoplasmic reticulum is involved in protein synthesis and lipid metabolism. Therefore, it is likely that the enzyme involved in palmitoylation of proteins would be expressed in organelles involved in protein modification and lipid metabolism, such as the Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum. Option A includes both of these organelles.

Question 18

A dish of cells is treated with centrinone,a centriole inhibitor.These cells would no longer be able to ________.

Accepted Answer

Centrinone inhibits centriole duplication and separation, which are crucial steps in cell division. Therefore, cells treated with centrinone would not be able to divide.

Question 19

A protein that is destined to reach the plasma membrane is making its way through the Golgi.At that moment,a drug was added to cells,blocking trafficking at the trans face of the Golgi.As a result,what would happen to the protein?

Accepted Answer

Blocking trafficking at the trans face of the Golgi would prevent the protein from leaving the Golgi and reaching its intended destination at the plasma membrane. Therefore, the protein would be stuck in the Golgi.

Question 20

When looking at plant and animal cells with an electron microscope,you notice that the plant cells have more Golgi membranes than the animal cells.This is most likely because unlike in animal cells,in plant cells the Golgi apparatus is involved in the production of:

Accepted Answer

Plant cells have cell walls which are made of cellulose. The Golgi apparatus is responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids, including those needed for cell wall synthesis. Therefore, plant cells require more Golgi membranes to produce cell walls compared to animal cells.

Quiz 4: Cell Structure