Question 1

Maintaining the proper structure of a molecule is generally known as molecular fidelity.

Accepted Answer

Molecular fidelity refers to the maintenance of the correct structure or shape of a molecule.

Question 2

Because the proteins that help to maintain molecular fidelity are also subject to the second law of thermodynamics,the ability to repair or replace damaged biomolecules also decreases with age.

Accepted Answer

This statement is true because the second law of thermodynamics states that entropy (disorder) in a system increases over time, including in biological systems. As a result, the proteins that help to maintain molecular fidelity, such as chaperones and enzymes, are also subject to this increase in entropy and their ability to repair or replace damaged biomolecules decreases with age.

Question 3

It is generally accepted that replicative senescence provides a good model for aging of the whole organism.

Accepted Answer

Replicative senescence is a cellular process where cells stop dividing after a certain number of divisions, and while it contributes to aging at the cellular level, aging of the whole organism is a complex process influenced by many factors beyond just cellular senescence, including genetics, environment, and lifestyle.

Question 4

Oxygen-based metabolism is referred to as ______,and metabolism without oxygen as ______.

Accepted Answer

Oxygen-based metabolism is known as aerobic metabolism and metabolism without oxygen is known as anaerobic metabolism, therefore the correct option is A.

Question 5

One exciting new area of research where the concept of replicative senescence has the potential for offering significant value is the interface between:

Accepted Answer

Replicative senescence is the concept that cells have a limited lifespan and can only divide a certain number of times before undergoing a state of permanent growth arrest. This phenomenon is linked to the aging process and has been shown to contribute to various age-related diseases such as cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. Understanding the mechanisms behind replicative senescence may provide insight into the development and treatment of these diseases. Therefore, the interface between aging and disease is the most relevant area where replicative senescence can offer significant value.

Question 6

In total numbers,the majority of human cells are:

Accepted Answer

Non-mitotic cells, such as neurons and muscle cells, make up the majority of human cells. These cells have exited the cell cycle and are post-mitotic, meaning they do not divide or replicate.

Question 7

The ______ law of thermodynamics describes how the transfer of energy from one form to another is not 100% efficient and some of the energy becomes unusable.

Accepted Answer

The second law of thermodynamics states that in any energy transfer or transformation, the total entropy of a closed system always increases over time, and with each energy transfer, some energy becomes unusable.

Question 8

Cell lines are immortal cell cultures.

Accepted Answer

Cell lines are immortal and can divide indefinitely, making them useful tools in research and biotechnology.

Question 9

Briefly describe the three phases of a cell culture.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Briefly describe the three phases of a...

Question 10

When unusable energy leaves the system,the system becomes randomly rearranged,moving from more order to less order.It is this movement toward increasing ______ that is associated with the accumulation of damaged proteins,leading to aging.

Accepted Answer

The answer of When unusable energy leaves the system,the system...

Question 11

The cellular accumulation of damaged biomolecules decreases after sexual maturation.

Accepted Answer

The cellular accumulation of damaged biomolecules actually increases with age, including after sexual maturation, as the efficiency of cellular repair mechanisms declines over time.

Question 12

Because the aging of an organism reflects a gradual decline in function after the reproductive period,the decline and eventual loss of cell division has generally been viewed as characterizing cellular aging;this period is known as:

Accepted Answer

Replicative senescence is the period when cells can no longer divide due to the gradual decline in function associated with aging, and is commonly viewed as characterizing cellular aging. Choices A, B, and D are not accurate descriptions of this process.

Question 13

The loss of molecular fidelity most closely supports which theory of aging?

Accepted Answer

The disposable soma theory suggests that organisms allocate resources between reproduction and maintenance of the body (soma). Loss of molecular fidelity implies a decline in maintenance, supporting this theory.

Question 14

Mitotic somatic cells taken from aged individuals can often show robust population doubling rates.

Accepted Answer

Mitotic somatic cells from aged individuals can still show robust population doubling rates because their capacity for division is not solely determined by the age of the organism but also by the intrinsic properties of the cells and their environment. Aging can affect the rate of cell division and senescence in a population of cells, but it does not universally halt their ability to divide, especially in controlled laboratory conditions where factors promoting cell division can be optimized.

Question 15

The ______ law of thermodynamics applies to the conversion of energy from one form to another;energy is neither created nor destroyed.

Accepted Answer

The first law of thermodynamics, also known as the law of energy conservation, states that energy cannot be created or destroyed in an isolated system, which applies to the conversion of energy from one form to another.

Question 16

Senescent cells typically display all of the following characteristics except:

Accepted Answer

Senescent cells are characterized by cellular enlargement, an increase in the distance between cells, and a decrease in viable extracellular matrix proteins. However, they do not typically show a decrease in the size of the nucleus and the formation of multinucleated cells; these are not standard characteristics of senescent cells.

Question 17

Which mechanism is considered the primary cause in the accumulation of damaged cellular proteins?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which mechanism is considered the primary cause...

Question 18

The maximum number of population doublings in a cell culture is known as the ______ limit.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The maximum number of population doublings in...

Question 19

Human embryonic cells maintained in culture are immortal.

Accepted Answer

Human embryonic cells maintained in culture are not immortal; they can only divide a limited number of times before they undergo senescence or stop dividing, unlike cancer cells or cells that have been specifically engineered to be immortal.

Question 20

The total energy of a biological process is called ______ (H)and equals usable energy (______,G)plus unusable energy (______,S).

Accepted Answer

The total energy of a biological process is called enthalpy (H), which equals usable energy (free energy, G) plus unusable energy (entropy, S). This reflects the fundamental thermodynamic equation: H = G + TS, where T is the temperature in Kelvin.

Quiz 4: Cellular Aging

Maintaining the proper structure of a molecule is generally known as molecular fidelity.

Because the proteins that help to maintain molecular fidelity are also subject to the second law of thermodynamics,the ability to repair or replace damaged biomolecules also decreases with age.

It is generally accepted that replicative senescence provides a good model for aging of the whole organism.

Oxygen-based metabolism is referred to as ,and metabolism without oxygen as .

One exciting new area of research where the concept of replicative senescence has the potential for offering significant value is the interface between:

In total numbers,the majority of human cells are:

The ______ law of thermodynamics describes how the transfer of energy from one form to another is not 100% efficient and some of the energy becomes unusable.

Cell lines are immortal cell cultures.

Briefly describe the three phases of a cell culture.

When unusable energy leaves the system,the system becomes randomly rearranged,moving from more order to less order.It is this movement toward increasing ______ that is associated with the accumulation of damaged proteins,leading to aging.

The cellular accumulation of damaged biomolecules decreases after sexual maturation.

Because the aging of an organism reflects a gradual decline in function after the reproductive period,the decline and eventual loss of cell division has generally been viewed as characterizing cellular aging;this period is known as:

The loss of molecular fidelity most closely supports which theory of aging?

Mitotic somatic cells taken from aged individuals can often show robust population doubling rates.

The ______ law of thermodynamics applies to the conversion of energy from one form to another;energy is neither created nor destroyed.

Senescent cells typically display all of the following characteristics except:

Which mechanism is considered the primary cause in the accumulation of damaged cellular proteins?

The maximum number of population doublings in a cell culture is known as the ______ limit.

Human embryonic cells maintained in culture are immortal.

The total energy of a biological process is called (H) and equals usable energy (,G) plus unusable energy (__,S) .

Quiz 4: Cellular Aging

Maintaining the proper structure of a molecule is generally known as molecular fidelity.

Because the proteins that help to maintain molecular fidelity are also subject to the second law of thermodynamics,the ability to repair or replace damaged biomolecules also decreases with age.

It is generally accepted that replicative senescence provides a good model for aging of the whole organism.

Oxygen-based metabolism is referred to as ______,and metabolism without oxygen as ______.

One exciting new area of research where the concept of replicative senescence has the potential for offering significant value is the interface between:

In total numbers,the majority of human cells are:

The ______ law of thermodynamics describes how the transfer of energy from one form to another is not 100% efficient and some of the energy becomes unusable.

Cell lines are immortal cell cultures.

Briefly describe the three phases of a cell culture.

When unusable energy leaves the system,the system becomes randomly rearranged,moving from more order to less order.It is this movement toward increasing ______ that is associated with the accumulation of damaged proteins,leading to aging.

The cellular accumulation of damaged biomolecules decreases after sexual maturation.

Because the aging of an organism reflects a gradual decline in function after the reproductive period,the decline and eventual loss of cell division has generally been viewed as characterizing cellular aging;this period is known as:

The loss of molecular fidelity most closely supports which theory of aging?

Mitotic somatic cells taken from aged individuals can often show robust population doubling rates.

The ______ law of thermodynamics applies to the conversion of energy from one form to another;energy is neither created nor destroyed.

Senescent cells typically display all of the following characteristics except:

Which mechanism is considered the primary cause in the accumulation of damaged cellular proteins?

The maximum number of population doublings in a cell culture is known as the ______ limit.

Human embryonic cells maintained in culture are immortal.

The total energy of a biological process is called ______ (H) and equals usable energy (______,G) plus unusable energy (______,S) .

Oxygen-based metabolism is referred to as ,and metabolism without oxygen as .

The total energy of a biological process is called (H) and equals usable energy (,G) plus unusable energy (__,S) .