Question 1

A researcher studying the ratings of men and women toward the Democratic Party hypothesizes that women will give Democrats a higher rating than will men. The female mean rating is 52.5 with a standard error of 1.2 points. The male mean rating is 47.1 with a standard error of 1.6 points. Should the researcher reject the null hypothesis?
A) No, because the lower boundary for women overlaps the upper boundary for men
B) Yes, because the lower boundary for women overlaps the upper boundary for men
C) No, because the boundaries do not overlap
D) Yes, because the boundaries overlap

Accepted Answer

The researcher should not reject the null hypothesis because the confidence intervals for men and women overlap. The boundaries do not significantly differ enough to reject the hypothesis that there is no difference in ratings between genders.

Question 2

Measures of association allow a researcher to determine ______.
A) how much of the sample lies above the upper boundary
B) how much of the sample lies below the lower boundary
C) the strength of the relationship between the variables
D) the significance of the relationship between the variables

Accepted Answer

Measures of association are statistical tools used to quantify the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables.

Question 3

A PRE measure of association tells a researcher ______.
A) the significance of the variables
B) whether to accept the null hypothesis
C) whether to reject the null hypothesis
D) how much the odds of predicting the value of the dependent variable are improved

Accepted Answer

A PRE measure of association (also known as a measure of effect size) indicates how much the odds of predicting the value of the dependent variable are improved by knowledge of the independent variable. It is not related to the significance or acceptance/rejection of the null hypothesis.

Question 4

Which of the following tests is based on the confidence interval approach? A) regression B) $\chi$² C) eyeball D) two-tailed

Accepted Answer

Eyeball test is based on the confidence interval approach.

Question 5

Somers' d_yx is used to measure the strength of the association between two ______-level variables. A) nominal B) interval C) ordinal D) ratio

Accepted Answer

Somers' d_yx is a measure of association for two ordinal-level variables. It measures the degree to which the ranks of two variables are related. It is not appropriate for nominal, interval, or ratio level variables.

Question 6

In statistical notation $\chi$² refers to ______. A) chi-square B) the square of the independent variable C) the square of the dependent variable D) the square of the intervening variable

Accepted Answer

F1F1F1S1 and F1F1F10² are typical symbols used in chi-square test notation, which aims to determine if there is a significant difference between the expected frequencies and observed frequencies in one or more categories. Therefore, the answer is (A) chi-square.

Question 7

Concordant pairs are cell values consistent with a(n) ______ relationship.
A) negative
B) neutral
C) inverse
D) positive

Accepted Answer

Concordant pairs are cell values that are consistent with a positive relationship, indicating that as the value of one variable increases, the value of the other variable also increases.

Question 8

A pair of cell values with a negative relationship are referred to as a(n) ______ pair.
A) discordant
B) concordant
C) tied
D) invalid

Accepted Answer

A pair of cell values with a negative relationship are referred to as a discordant pair.

Question 9

The symbol H₀ represents the ______. A) null hypothesis B) alternative hypothesis C) standard deviation D) confidence interval

Accepted Answer

The symbol H₀ is a stylized way to represent the null hypothesis, where "H" stands for hypothesis, "S" and "B" could be interpreted as symbols to make the representation unique, and the numbers might be used to differentiate it from other hypotheses or statistical terms.

Question 10

A researcher studying partisanship and the likelihood of being a protester concludes there is no difference between Democrats and Republicans when, in fact, there is, has committed a ______.
A) faux pas
B) Type I error
C) Type II error
D) Type III error

Accepted Answer

The researcher has committed a Type II error, which is the failure to reject a false null hypothesis (in this case, the null hypothesis being that there is no difference between Democrats and Republicans in terms of their likelihood to protest). In other words, the researcher has incorrectly accepted the null hypothesis, leading to an incorrect conclusion that there is no difference between the groups.

Question 11

A ______ helps researchers decide whether an observed relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable really exists in the population or whether it could have happened by chance when the sample was drawn.
A) measure of association
B) test of statistical significance
C) hypothetical claim
D) level of measurement

Accepted Answer

A test of statistical significance helps researchers determine if the relationship between the independent and dependent variable is significant or if it could have occurred by chance. A measure of association is a numerical statistic used to describe the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables. A hypothetical claim is a proposed explanation or prediction of a phenomenon, and a level of measurement refers to the scale used to measure a variable (e.g. nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio).

Question 12

The $\chi$ ² test of significance is used when both the independent variable and the dependent variable are measured ______. A) at the nominal level B) categorically C) at the ordinal level D) at the interval level

Accepted Answer

The F1F1F1S1uf063F1F1F10² test, more commonly known as the Chi-square test of significance, is used when both the independent variable and the dependent variable are measured categorically.

Question 13

A relationship between which of the following pairs of variables could be tested using $\chi$²? A) income and age in years B) weight and the number of cigarettes smoked C) political party and frequency of church attendance D) race and income (in dollars)

Accepted Answer

The chi-square test (denoted as χ^2) is used to determine if there is a significant association between two categorical variables. In this case, both "political party" and "frequency of church attendance" can be categorized, making option C the correct choice for using a chi-square test.

Question 14

Which of the following pair of variables would allow us to compare two sample means?
A) income (in dollars) and age (in years)
B) education level and partisanship
C) gender and partisanship
D) gender and income (in dollars)

Accepted Answer

To compare two sample means, we need two quantitative variables. Option D provides two quantitative variables, i.e., gender and income in dollars. Gender is a categorical variable, but it can be coded as 1 for male and 0 for female, which is a quantitative variable. Therefore, we can use gender and income to compare two sample means. Options A, B, and C do not provide two quantitative variables to compare means.

Question 15

The ______ allows the researcher to determine the exact probability of a particular result occurring by chance.
A) test of significance
B) p value approach
C) standard error approach
D) confidence interval approach

Accepted Answer

The p value approach allows the researcher to determine the exact probability of a particular result occurring by chance, and is commonly used in hypothesis testing. The test of significance, standard error approach, and confidence interval approach are all related to statistical analysis, but do not directly address the determination of probability in the same way as the p value approach.

Question 16

A researcher who concludes that a relationship exists between X and Y when it does not has committed a ______.
A) faux pas
B) Type I error
C) Type II error
D) Type III error

Accepted Answer

The researcher has committed a Type I error, which is also known as a false positive. This occurs when the researcher incorrectly concludes that there is a relationship or difference between two variables when there actually is not.

Question 17

A PRE measure of 1 indicates what?
A) no association
B) perfect association
C) a 100% improvement in the odds of predicting the dependent variable
D) no improvement in the odds of predicting the dependent variable

Accepted Answer

A PRE (Proportional Reduction in Error) measure of 1 indicates perfect association, meaning that the independent variable perfectly predicts the dependent variable, reducing the prediction error to zero.

Question 18

A ______ marks the upper plausible boundary of random error and so defines H₀'s limit. A) critical value B) discordant pair C) test statistics D) confidence interval

Accepted Answer

The critical value marks the upper plausible boundary of random error and defines the limit of the null hypothesis (H0) in hypothesis testing.

Question 19

The ______ is stated to remind us that the observed results of a sample could be the result of random error.
A) standard error
B) probability
C) null hypothesis
D) skeptic's position

Accepted Answer

The null hypothesis is a statement that assumes there is no significant relationship between two variables or that there is no difference between two groups. It is used in statistical testing to help determine if the observed results could be due to chance or random error. Therefore, the null hypothesis reminds us that the observed results could simply be due to chance and not due to any real difference or relationship between the variables or groups being studied.

Question 20

When comparing two sample means, we can safely reject the null hypothesis if ______.
A) the confidence intervals overlap
B) the confidence intervals are higher than .05
C) the confidence intervals are lower than .05
D) the confidence intervals do not overlap

Accepted Answer

If the confidence intervals do not overlap, it indicates that the difference between the two sample means is statistically significant and not likely due to chance. This is the criteria for rejecting the null hypothesis. Therefore, choice D is the correct answer.

Quiz 7: Tests of Significance and Measures of Association

Measures of association allow a researcher to determine ______.

A PRE measure of association tells a researcher ______.

Which of the following tests is based on the confidence interval approach?

Somers' d_yx is used to measure the strength of the association between two ______-level variables.

In statistical notation $\chi$ ² refers to ______.

Concordant pairs are cell values consistent with a(n) ______ relationship.

A pair of cell values with a negative relationship are referred to as a(n) ______ pair.

The symbol H₀ represents the ______.

A researcher studying partisanship and the likelihood of being a protester concludes there is no difference between Democrats and Republicans when, in fact, there is, has committed a ______.

A ______ helps researchers decide whether an observed relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable really exists in the population or whether it could have happened by chance when the sample was drawn.

The $\chi$ ² test of significance is used when both the independent variable and the dependent variable are measured ______.

A relationship between which of the following pairs of variables could be tested using $\chi$ ²?

Which of the following pair of variables would allow us to compare two sample means?

The ______ allows the researcher to determine the exact probability of a particular result occurring by chance.

A researcher who concludes that a relationship exists between X and Y when it does not has committed a ______.

A PRE measure of 1 indicates what?

A ______ marks the upper plausible boundary of random error and so defines H₀'s limit.

The ______ is stated to remind us that the observed results of a sample could be the result of random error.

When comparing two sample means, we can safely reject the null hypothesis if ______.