Question 1

Aria works at a marketing research firm. Whenever she processes information, she disregards information that does not fit in with her ideas to eliminate discrepancies. This behavior is consistent with _________.

Accepted Answer

Aria's behavior is consistent with Piaget's cognitive developmental theory, specifically the concept of assimilation. Assimilation is the process of incorporating new information into existing schemas or mental frameworks. However, in Aria's case, she is disregarding information that does not fit with her existing schema, which is an indication of the failure of assimilation. This behavior is also known as confirmation bias.

Question 2

Which of the following is true of the resolution phase of the sexual response cycle?

Accepted Answer

During the resolution phase, men enter a refractory period, which is a period of time where they are unable to achieve another orgasm. This is not the case for women, who can have multiple orgasms during this phase. Myotonia and vasocongestion occur during the plateau phase, and a rapid increase in heart rate may occur during either the plateau or orgasm phase.

Question 3

Viola has just come back from work and is experiencing hunger pangs. She quickly makes a sandwich. Eating this sandwich satisfies her hunger. The return to normal bodily function without hunger pangs is called __________.

Accepted Answer

Homeostasis is the maintenance of stable internal conditions in the body. In this scenario, Viola's hunger was a disruption to homeostasis, and eating the sandwich brought her back to a stable state without hunger pangs. Choice B, homeorhesis, refers to the coordinated changes in the body that occur during growth and development and is not relevant in this scenario. Choice C, metastasis, refers to the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another and is not relevant in this scenario. Choice D, estrus, refers to the period of sexual receptivity in female mammals and is also not relevant in this scenario.

Question 4

Emma, a college gymnast, has been struggling with several injuries in recent years. She has had several fractures and broken bones. Because gymnastics often emphasize thinness, Emma might be suffering from __________.

Accepted Answer

The female athlete triad is a condition that often affects female athletes in sports that emphasize thinness, such as gymnastics. It is characterized by three interrelated conditions: disordered eating, menstrual dysfunction, and decreased bone mineral density. Emma's history of fractures and broken bones suggest that she may be experiencing decreased bone mineral density, which is a common consequence of the female athlete triad.

Question 5

The __________ is an area at the side of the hypothalamus that appears to function as a "start-eating" center.

Accepted Answer

The lateral hypothalamus is known to function as a "start-eating" center, playing a crucial role in stimulating appetite and food intake.

Question 6

Which of the following is a biological factor responsible for obesity?

Accepted Answer

A high fat-to-muscle ratio is a biological factor that can contribute to obesity. This means that someone has a high amount of body fat compared to their muscle mass, which can slow down their metabolism and make it easier for them to gain weight. Options A, C, and D are not biological factors that contribute to obesity. Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by a fear of gaining weight and a distorted body image, which can lead to extreme weight loss. Aphagic tendency refers to a lack of appetite or desire to eat, which is not typically associated with obesity. A high metabolism rate can actually make it more difficult for someone to gain weight and develop obesity.

Question 7

Which of the following is true of satiety?

Accepted Answer

We get signals of satiety from the digestive tract, such as the release of hormones like leptin and cholecystokinin (CCK), which signal to the brain that we are full and should stop eating. Hunger pangs are a sign of hunger, not satiety. Chewing and swallowing can actually increase feelings of satiety by slowing down the rate of food intake and allowing time for signals of fullness to reach the brain. Satiety is not directly related to blood sugar levels.

Question 8

Nadine works for an accounting firm. She makes enough money for herself and has bought a house with a top-notch security system. In the context of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Nadine has fulfilled her ________ needs.

Accepted Answer

Maslow's hierarchy of needs states that the most basic needs such as physiological needs (food, water, shelter) and safety needs (security, stability, protection) must be met before an individual can fulfill higher-level needs such as love/belonging, esteem, and self-actualization. Nadine has fulfilled her safety needs by buying a house with a top-notch security system, so the correct answer is B, safety.

Question 9

The __________ is the branch of the autonomic nervous system that is most active during processes that spend body energy from stored reserves.

Accepted Answer

The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the "fight or flight" response where the body prepares to expend energy in response to a perceived threat or stressor. It releases adrenaline and other hormones that increase heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration while decreasing digestion and other non-essential functions. This response helps to mobilize stored energy reserves to provide the body with the energy needed to handle the stressor.

Question 10

According to Piaget's cognitive developmental theory, which of the following is true of people?

Accepted Answer

According to Piaget's cognitive developmental theory, people have a drive to eliminate inconsistencies or discrepancies in their understanding of the world. This is because individuals actively construct their own knowledge structures, and when new experiences or information do not fit with their current understanding, they experience a state of cognitive conflict or disequilibrium. This motivates them to reorganize their knowledge structures so that they are more consistent and can better explain the new information. Therefore, option D is correct. Options A, B, and C are not consistent with Piaget's theory of cognitive development.

Question 11

Which of the following is a feature of the Thematic Apperception Test?

Accepted Answer

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) involves the use of cards with drawings that are subject to interpretation. The test-taker is asked to create a story about each card, which may reveal their personality traits, unconscious conflicts, or motivations. The other options (B, C, and D) do not accurately describe features of the TAT.

Question 12

Why we go clubbing and drink alcohol can best be explained by _________.

Accepted Answer

The desire to go clubbing and consume alcohol can be attributed to stimulus motives, which are influenced by external stimuli such as the environment and social situations. These motives are not driven by physiological needs or cognitive development, as suggested by the drive-reduction theory and cognitive developmental theory, respectively. Self-actualization may drive individuals to engage in activities that allow them to reach their full potential, but it is not the main explanation for clubbing and alcohol consumption.

Question 13

__________ believed that tension motivates us to behave in ways that restore us to a resting state.

Accepted Answer

Sigmund Freud believed in a concept called homeostasis, which states that tension motivates us to behave in ways that restore us to a resting state. This theory is the foundation of his theory of psychoanalysis.

Question 14

Motives are ________.

Accepted Answer

Motives are not directly visible or measurable. They must be inferred from a person's behavior, words, and other clues.

Question 15

Some of the specific criticisms of Maslow's hierarchy of needs is that _________.

Accepted Answer

Critics argue that there is too much individual variation in how people prioritize and fulfill their needs, making it difficult to apply Maslow's hierarchy universally.

Question 16

We are generally more likely to appreciate what we must work to obtain. The ________ theory best explains this behavior.

Accepted Answer

The cognitive dissonance theory explains this behavior because it suggests that we experience discomfort (dissonance) when our beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors are inconsistent with each other. To reduce this discomfort, we often change our attitudes or values to align with our actions, leading to a greater appreciation for things we have worked hard to obtain.

Question 17

Which of the following is true of metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Muscle tissue has a higher metabolic rate than fatty tissue, meaning it processes food more quickly. Therefore, option C is the only one that correctly states that fatty tissue in the body metabolizes food more slowly than muscle tissue does. Option A is incorrect because muscle tissue is highly metabolic and requires significant amounts of energy. Option B is incorrect because it suggests that fatty tissue is more metabolic than muscle tissue, which is not true. Option D is incorrect because all living cells, including fatty tissue, require metabolism to function.

Question 18

Which of the following hormones can heighten the sex drive in women?

Accepted Answer

Testosterone is a hormone that is present in both men and women but at higher levels in men. In women, testosterone can contribute to an increased sex drive or libido.

Question 19

Alan works in a research laboratory. He owns a house, and he earns enough to sustain himself. He has a large social circle and makes time to meet his friends at least once a week. However, Alan feels that he is capable of much more and can achieve a lot more in life. He is striving to bring out the best within himself. In the context of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Alan is trying to fulfill his __________.

Accepted Answer

Alan's desire to achieve more in life and bring out the best in himself indicates that he is focused on fulfilling his self-actualization needs according to Maslow's hierarchy of needs. These needs are at the top of the pyramid and refer to the need to reach one's full potential, pursue personal growth and development, and become the best version of oneself.

Question 20

The excitement phase of the sexual response cycle in women is characterized by __________.

Accepted Answer

The excitement phase in women is characterized by increased blood flow and lubrication in the vaginal area, which prepares the body for sexual activity. This is why choice D, vaginal lubrication, is the best option. The other choices are not accurate descriptions of the excitement phase in women.

Quiz 8: Motivation and Emotion