Question 1

Identify a true statement about social-cognitive theorists.

Accepted Answer

Social-cognitive theorists emphasize the importance of observational learning or modeling, which involves learning by observing others' behavior and the consequences they face. Option A is a belief held by humanistic psychologists, not social-cognitive theorists. Option C is a definition of behaviorism, not social-cognitive theory. Option D is a belief held by biological or evolutionary psychologists, not social-cognitive theorists.

Question 2

Which of the following statements is true about the different types of psychologists?

Accepted Answer

Clinical psychologists work with clients to help them identify and change self-defeating behavior, and to resolve a range of other issues that may be affecting their mental health and well-being, including relationship problems, stress, and anxiety. Counseling psychologists may also work with clients to resolve problems and improve their mental health, but typically focus more on issues related to personal growth and self-awareness, and may also work with clients who are coping with serious psychological disorders. School psychologists work primarily in educational settings, helping to plan and implement instructional methods that are designed to meet the needs of individual children and groups of students, and may also provide support and counseling services to children and families. Health psychologists focus on the relationships between psychological factors and physical health, and may work in a variety of settings, including hospitals, clinics, and other healthcare facilities, as well as in research settings. They do not typically apply psychology to the criminal justice system.

Question 3

Functionalism was influenced by Darwin's theory of evolution which:

Accepted Answer

Functionalism was influenced by Darwin's theory of evolution, particularly the idea that adaptive behavior patterns are learned and maintained because they help individuals survive and reproduce.

Question 4

Famous neoanalysts such as Karen Horney and Erik Erikson differ from earlier psychodynamic practitioners in that they:

Accepted Answer

Famous neoanalysts such as Karen Horney and Erik Erikson placed less emphasis on unconscious processes and more on conscious choice and self-direction. They believed that individuals have agency and control over their own lives, and that they can make choices to shape their own development. This is different from earlier psychodynamic practitioners, who placed greater emphasis on unconscious motivations and drives.

Question 5

Julie's research work requires her to interview a sample of 200 people within two months. She needs to gather data about the sample group's attitude toward certain situations through a questionnaire, but she has limited time to gather the information. Which of the following methods should Julie use to gather the required information?

Accepted Answer

The survey method is the most efficient method for gathering data about people's attitudes, beliefs, and opinions. It involves asking questions through a pre-designed questionnaire or interview. In this case, Julie needs to gather data about a sample group's attitude, and she has limited time. Thus, the survey method would be the best choice for her as it is quick, time-efficient, and enables her to gather data from a larger sample size within a short period. The other methods such as the placebo method, naturalistic observation, and the experimental method are not appropriate for collecting information about attitudes and opinions.

Question 6

Which of the following is a typical characteristic of biologically-oriented psychologists?

Accepted Answer

Biologically-oriented psychologists are typically interested in studying how genetic factors influence behavior and mental processes. They may focus on understanding the underlying biological mechanisms involved in psychological disorders, criminal behavior, and cognition.

Question 7

Which of the following is a drawback of case studies?

Accepted Answer

The drawback of case studies is that interviewers may influence participants to give responses that suit their expectations. This can happen because the interviewer may have a preconceived idea about the participant or the situation being studied, which can affect the questions asked and the interpretations of the responses. This can lead to biased or inaccurate findings.

Question 8

In every experiment, the ______ is what the researcher is trying to determine has changed or not.

Accepted Answer

The dependent variable is the variable that is being measured and tested in an experiment. It is the variable that the researcher is manipulating in order to determine if it causes a change in the outcome. Therefore, it is what the researcher is trying to determine has changed or not. Confounding variables are variables that the researcher cannot control but can affect the outcome of the experiment. Correlation coefficient is a statistical measure of the strength of a relationship between two variables. Stratified sample is a sampling technique used to ensure representation of different subgroups within a population.

Question 9

Brandon is a psychologist who is studying the relationship between heredity and mood disorders. He strongly believes that behavior and mental processes have a connection with the brain, hormones, heredity, and evolution. Brandon's beliefs are most consistent with the _____ perspective.

Accepted Answer

Brandon's emphasis on the role of genetics and biology in mood disorders aligns with the biological perspective in psychology. This perspective focuses on how physical and neurological factors influence behavior and mental processes.

Question 10

Since 15 percent of a university is comprised of Asian-American students, a sample for a study was chosen in such way that it, too, consisted of 15 percent Asian Americans. This kind of sample would be an example of a __________.

Accepted Answer

This is a stratified sample as the sample was chosen in a way that mirrors the population's makeup in terms of Asian Americans, which is a stratification of the population.

Question 11

Which of the following statements is true of William James's contribution to psychology?

Accepted Answer

William James emphasized the idea of the "stream of consciousness," meaning that our thoughts and experiences flow together in a continuous and fluid manner rather than as discrete elements.

Question 12

Which of the following is true of Aristotle's contribution to psychology?

Accepted Answer

Aristotle argued that human behavior is subject to rules and laws.

Question 13

Which of the following statements is true of the experimental method of research?

Accepted Answer

The experimental method allows psychologists to manipulate and control the experiences of participants and draw conclusions about cause and effect. In this method, the experimental group receives the treatment being tested while the control group does not. Therefore, option A and C are incorrect. Option B is also incorrect as the experimental method is specifically designed to test cause-and-effect relationships.

Question 14

Wilhelm Wundt used __________ to try to discover the basic elements of experience.

Accepted Answer

Wilhelm Wundt used introspection, or the process of examining one's own thoughts and feelings, to try to discover the basic elements of experience.

Question 15

Ned is feeling stressed because of his workload at the office. He is also experiencing insomnia with rapid weight loss. Ned's condition is an example of a __________ correlation.

Accepted Answer

Ned's condition illustrates a negative correlation because as his stress (workload) increases, his health (sleep quality and weight) decreases.

Question 16

__________ are different from clinical psychologists in that their clients typically have adjustment problems, such as trouble making academic or vocational decisions or making friends in college, but not serious psychological disorders.

Accepted Answer

Counseling psychologists work with clients who have adjustment problems rather than serious psychological disorders, whereas clinical psychologists typically work with more severe psychological disorders. Personality psychologists focus on understanding personality traits and characteristics, organizational psychologists focus on understanding behavior in workplace environments, and developmental psychologists focus on how people grow and change throughout their lives.

Question 17

As discussed in your text, the Literary Digest incorrectly predicted Alf Landon to win the 1936 presidential election over Franklin D. Roosevelt. What is believed to be the primary source of their error?

Accepted Answer

The primary source of the error is believed to be the sample used by the Literary Digest. They sent out over 10 million questionnaires, but the respondents were primarily subscribers to the magazine and car owners, which resulted in a biased sample that did not accurately reflect the American electorate. They did not include enough low-income or urban voters, who were more likely to support Roosevelt, leading to a skewed prediction.

Question 18

Which of the following psychologists might treat psychologically ill offenders, consult with attorneys on matters such as picking a jury, and analyze offenders' behavior and mental processes?

Accepted Answer

Forensic psychologists specialize in the intersection between psychology and the criminal justice system, which includes treating psychologically ill offenders, consulting with attorneys on matters such as jury selection, and analyzing offenders' behavior and mental processes. Clinical psychologists typically work in more traditional healthcare settings, such as hospitals or private practices, and may treat a wider range of mental health concerns. Personality psychologists and experimental psychologists are both focused on understanding human behavior, but their research and clinical work does not typically involve the criminal justice system.

Question 19

_____ was a founder of the school of functionalism.

Accepted Answer

William James was a founder of the school of functionalism, which focused on the adaptive functions of behavior and mental processes. B.F.Skinner is associated with behaviorism, Wilhelm Wundt is considered the founder of psychology as a formal discipline, and Kurt Koffka was a founder of the school of Gestalt psychology.

Question 20

A(n) _____ primarily focuses on the relationships between people and work.

Accepted Answer

The field of industrial or organizational psychology focuses on studying human behavior in organizations and the workplace. This includes topics such as employee motivation, team dynamics, leadership, job satisfaction, and performance evaluation.

Quiz 1: What Is Psychology