Question 1

Despite the lack of a membrane-bound nucleus, bacteria and archaea are cells with a complex organizational structure.

Accepted Answer

Bacteria and archaea may not have a membrane-bound nucleus, but they still have a variety of internal structures, such as ribosomes, cytoplasm, and DNA, that allow for their complex functionality. They also have external structures such as cell walls, flagella, and pili that aid in their survival and interactions with other cells.

Question 2

The RN applies therapeutic communication techniques to assess of Ms. Smith's understanding of the principle of sterility. Her statement of "I need to sterilize myself and my environment of all germs so I do not get sick" would be best followed by which of the following questions by the RN?

Accepted Answer

This question would allow the RN to further assess Ms. Smith's understanding of sterility and address any misconceptions she may have. It also shows the RN's interest in understanding Ms. Smith's perspective, which can help to build trust and rapport. The other options do not address Ms. Smith's understanding of sterility or her beliefs about germs.

Question 3

Which of the features listed below is not found in all cells?

Accepted Answer

Not all cells have a nucleus. Prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria, lack a true nucleus and instead have their DNA in the cytoplasm. Eukaryotic cells, such as animal and plant cells, have a distinct nucleus surrounded by a nuclear membrane.

Question 4

As Ms. Smith progresses with her plan of care, the RN provides education regarding beneficial applications of microbes. Scientists use microbes to produce drugs, hormones, and enzymes. This type of biotechnology involves the transfer of foreign genetic material into a microbe, a process called ________.

Accepted Answer

Recombinant DNA technology involves the transfer of foreign genetic material into a microbe to produce drugs, hormones, and enzymes. Gene therapy is the use of genes to treat or prevent disease, bioremediation is the use of microorganisms to clean up pollutants, and polymerase chain reaction is a laboratory technique used to amplify DNA. While these technologies may also involve the use of microbes, they do not specifically relate to the production of drugs, hormones, and enzymes.

Question 5

Hand washing in the healthcare environment is aimed at reducing the number of microbes in the medical setting to prevent the spread of infection and disease. Which of these terms best represents this technique?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Hand washing in the healthcare environment is...

Question 6

Carl Woese and George Fox developed the three-domain system of taxonomy based on what molecular discovery?

Accepted Answer

Carl Woese and George Fox developed the three-domain system of taxonomy based on variations in the ribonucleic acid of the small ribosomal subunit of organisms, which led to the discovery of the crucial role of ribosomal RNA in identifying evolutionary relationships between different organisms. This system recognized three separate domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

Question 7

Viruses may also be transmitted to patients, even though they differ from bacteria in that they are ________.

Accepted Answer

Viruses are noncellular particles that require a host cell to replicate and cause infection. They differ from bacteria, which are metabolically active single-celled organisms. Therefore, option D is the correct answer.

Question 8

The nurse implements an extensive nutrition education plan for Breonna, beginning at the molecular level. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are the four main families of biological molecules referred to as ________.

Accepted Answer

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are all large molecules consisting of smaller subunits, and therefore are classified as macromolecules. Monosaccharides and polysaccharides are specific types of carbohydrates, and micromolecules is not a correct term used to describe these larger biological molecules.

Question 9

Many microbes that inhabit the skin have the potential to cause disease. One such pathogen is Staphylococcus aureus. The genus name of this organism is most properly represented as ________.

Accepted Answer

The genus name of Staphylococcus aureus is Staphylococcus. It should always be capitalized as it is a proper noun. Choice A and D are incorrect as they only represent the species name and should not be capitalized. Choice C is incorrect as it is not properly capitalized.

Question 10

The structure of proteins is complex and unique, and only specific molecules can interact with their surface features. The natural shape of each protein is termed the native state. When proteins are exposed to heat, acid, or alcohol, their shape is disrupted and they become nonfunctional or ________.

Accepted Answer

When proteins are exposed to heat, acid, or alcohol, their shape is disrupted, resulting in denaturation. This denaturation leads to the loss of their biological activity, and they become nonfunctional.

Question 11

You inform Breonna that it is important for her to maintain a diet rich in carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, so that each of these macromolecules can be metabolized to form a high-energy compound called ________.

Accepted Answer

Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are macromolecules that are broken down through various metabolic pathways to produce ATP, the primary energy currency of the cell. Option A, cGMP, is a secondary messenger molecule involved in various cellular functions, not energy production. Option B, RNA, is involved in protein synthesis and not directly related to energy production. Option D, NAD, is a coenzyme involved in various metabolic pathways, but it is not the high-energy compound produced from the breakdown of macromolecules.

Question 12

Organisms were classified into kingdoms as they were defined. Which list reflects the order of discovery of the kingdoms as we know them today?

Accepted Answer

Initially, all living organisms were classified into two kingdoms: plants and animals. Later, as microscopic organisms were discovered and our understanding of the diversity of life expanded, the kingdom Protista was introduced to include organisms that didn't fit neatly into the plant or animal kingdoms. Subsequently, Monera was established for prokaryotic organisms (bacteria and archaea), and Fungi was recognized as a separate kingdom for fungi, which are distinct from plants, animals, and protists.

Question 13

Wanda is receptive to the nurse's teaching. In reinforcing the prevalence of microbes in our environment, the nurse describes the experiments of Louis Pasteur. Pasteur hypothesized that microbes were in the air and dust. Through experiments using swan-necked flasks, he disproved the concept of ________.

Accepted Answer

Louis Pasteur disproved the concept of spontaneous generation, which hypothesized that living organisms could arise spontaneously from non-living matter.

Question 14

Microorganisms have inhabited the Earth for billions of years, and can be found inhabiting a variety of environments. In fact, microbes performing anoxygenic photosynthesis led to the oxygenation of early Earth's atmosphere. These ancient organisms were ________.

Accepted Answer

Bacteria are the oldest known form of life on Earth and are believed to have carried out anoxygenic photosynthesis, which provided the first atmosphere with oxygen. Eukaryotes, viruses, and prions are not capable of carrying out photosynthesis.

Quiz 1: Introduction to Microbes and Their Building Blocks