Question 1

Schachter and his colleagues found that stress ______ the body's efficiency in using nicotine and ______ smoking.

Accepted Answer

Schachter and his colleagues found that stress decreases the body's efficiency in using nicotine, which in turn increases smoking as individuals may smoke more to achieve the desired nicotine effect.

Question 2

Inhaling atomized nicotine with an e-cigarette is known as:

Accepted Answer

Inhaling atomized nicotine with an e-cigarette is commonly referred to as vaping.

Question 3

Researchers have located a gene in some alcohol users that alters the function of DRD2, which is a receptor for:

Accepted Answer

The gene found in some alcohol users alters the function of DRD2, which is a receptor for dopamine.

Question 4

Over time, smoking behaviors become ______ to a variety of environmental triggers.

Accepted Answer

Over time, smoking behaviors become conditioned responses to a variety of environmental triggers, meaning that the behavior (smoking) is a learned response to certain stimuli (like stress, social settings, etc.) in the environment.

Question 5

According to the nicotine-titration model, smokers who are physically dependent on nicotine:

Accepted Answer

The nicotine-titration model suggests that smokers who are physically dependent on nicotine will regulate their smoking behavior to maintain a steady level of nicotine in their bodies. This is because the brain's reward centers become accustomed to functioning with a certain level of nicotine, and too little or too much nicotine can lead to withdrawal symptoms or unpleasant side effects. The model does not suggest anything about psychological dependence on nicotine, genetic sensitivity, or increased risk for other addictions.

Question 6

People who successfully quit smoking typically:

Accepted Answer

Those who successfully quit smoking often change their beliefs about the benefits of smoking and see it more as a health threat. This shift in mindset can be essential in quitting smoking for good. The other options (B, C, and D) are not necessarily predictors of successful smoking cessation.

Question 7

Which potential effects of THC is correctly matched with its allied brain region?

Accepted Answer

The impairment of learning is associated with the basal ganglia, which is involved in the planning and execution of motor movements and procedural learning. THC can negatively affect the function of the basal ganglia, leading to impaired learning and coordination. The other options are not correctly matched with their respective brain regions.

Question 8

Quitting smoking is determined by three interacting factors. Which of these is NOT one of those factors?

Accepted Answer

The age of the smoker is not one of the three interacting factors that determine quitting smoking. The three factors are motivation to quit, level of physical dependence on nicotine, and barriers to or support in remaining smoke-free.

Question 9

Which statement about THC and endocannabinoids is empirically supported?

Accepted Answer

The statement that THC and endocannabinoids are involved in appetite and mood regulation as well as in pain perception is empirically supported by scientific studies. The other statements are either incorrect (A, D) or incomplete (B, which leaves out the fact that tolerance can also develop in the absence of increased use).

Question 10

Researchers have discovered a link between nicotine use and:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Researchers have discovered a link between nicotine...

Question 11

The group of adults who are most likely to have tried and most likely to be current users of e-cigarettes are non-Hispanic

Accepted Answer

American Indian or Alaskan native males have been reported to have higher rates of e-cigarette use compared to other demographic groups.

Question 12

Which health concern was supported empirically as a reason e-cigarette usage is just as dangerous as conventional cigarette smoking?

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that the flavoring used in e-liquids were found to contain toxic chemicals not found in conventional cigarettes, which can lead to respiratory and cardiovascular problems. This health concern was supported empirically.

Question 13

Within seven seconds of taking a puff from a cigarette, the nicotine causes the brain to release neurotransmitters that calm craving, reduce anxiety, and alleviate insomnia. These effects are examples of:

Accepted Answer

The release of neurotransmitters that calm craving, reduce anxiety, and alleviate insomnia in response to nicotine is an example of negative reinforcement, as the removal of unpleasant sensations (craving, anxiety, and insomnia) is reinforcing the behavior of smoking.

Question 14

Which of these is most often cited as a reason that people start smoking?

Accepted Answer

Situational factors, such as peer influence, are often cited as a reason why people start smoking. Studies have shown that individuals are more likely to start smoking if they have friends or family members who smoke, as well as if they are in social situations where smoking is common or accepted.

Question 15

As part of his program to quit smoking, Larry was instructed to smoke a cigarette as fast as he could, until he became nauseous. This form of aversion therapy is directed at having the person reach a point of:

Accepted Answer

The form of aversion therapy described aims to have the person reach a state of satiation, where they become nauseous from smoking so quickly. This can create an aversion to smoking in the future.

Question 16

Cigarette smoking is rewarding in part because it:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Cigarette smoking is rewarding in part because...

Question 17

When the nicotine content of cigarettes is reduced, smokers tend to:

Accepted Answer

Smokers tend to smoke more of the low-nicotine cigarettes because they are trying to get the same level of nicotine as they did with their regular cigarettes. This is known as compensation, where smokers adjust their smoking behavior in response to changes in nicotine levels.

Question 18

From 1970 to 2010, ______ of Americans were ______ the legalization of marijuana.

Accepted Answer

During this period, public opinion polls consistently showed that a majority of Americans were against the legalization of marijuana, with more than 60% opposing it.

Question 19

The basic idea behind smoking inoculation programs is to:

Accepted Answer

Smoking inoculation programs aim to teach practical skills that can be used to resist social pressures to smoke. This approach focuses on building resistance to smoking instead of merely educating adolescents on the dangers of smoking or providing alternatives to smoking. Peer models may be included in the program, but the main goal is to teach skills to resist smoking.

Question 20

The counseling treatment that focuses on increasing a person's engagement in valued life activities through guided goal setting is:

Accepted Answer

Behavioral activation is a form of counseling treatment that aims to increase a person's engagement in valued life activities through guided goal setting. This approach helps individuals overcome feelings of depression and achieve a more fulfilling life. The other options (inoculation, CBT, aversion therapy) are not necessarily focused on increasing engagement in valued life activities.

Quiz 9: Substance Use, Abuse, and Addiction

Schachter and his colleagues found that stress the body's efficiency in using nicotine and smoking.