Question 1

As a person shifts from a waking state to being asleep,

Accepted Answer

As a person shifts from a waking state to being asleep, brain activity decreases. This is because the brain enters into different stages of sleep where it becomes less active. Heart rate and respiration rates tend to slow down as well, but not gradually. Blood pressure may decrease or stay steady, but it does not rapidly increase.

Question 2

In order to reduce the impact of circadian rhythm disruption, light masks should be used

Accepted Answer

Using light masks during the last four hours of a sleep session can help to minimize the impact of circadian rhythm disruption, as this is when the body is most sensitive to light exposure. Using light masks for the entire sleep session or only during the first four hours may not be as effective in resetting the circadian rhythm. Using light masks for the four hours just prior to a sleep session may also be beneficial, but this was not listed as an option in the question.

Question 3

Which of the following is an effective strategy for combating jet lag?

Accepted Answer

Gradually advancing your sleep schedule by an hour a night before you leave home helps your body adjust to the new time zone and reduces the chances of experiencing jet lag. Skipping an extra night's sleep after arriving at your destination could actually make jet lag worse. Avoiding sunlight in the morning and exposure to bright light in the evening disrupts the natural sleep-wake cycle and may make it harder to adjust to the new time zone. The consistent use of caffeine throughout the day can further disrupt sleep and exacerbate the effects of jet lag.

Question 4

Which of the following is not typical of REM sleep?

Accepted Answer

Slow, regular respiration and heart rate are not typical of REM sleep. During REM sleep, respiration and heart rate can vary and become irregular.

Question 5

All of the following statements are true of shift workers, except that

Accepted Answer

Shift workers typically struggle with sleep and experience higher levels of fatigue, which can lead to an increased use of caffeine and alcohol. They may also experience digestive problems due to their disrupted eating and sleeping schedules. However, shift workers do not usually perk up during their subjective night. Instead, they tend to feel groggy and sleepy during this time.

Question 6

Disruption of circadian rhythms is most likely to be a long-term problem for people who

Accepted Answer

Working rotating shifts can disrupt one's circadian rhythm as it causes shifts in the sleep-wake cycle and may lead to irregular sleeping patterns. This can have long-term effects on the body's internal clock and can lead to a variety of health problems, including fatigue, mood disturbances, and disrupted metabolism. Traveling abroad or having an inner-ear infection may cause temporary disruptions to one's circadian rhythm, but they are not likely to have long-term effects. Not going to sleep and waking up at approximately the same time every day can also disrupt the circadian rhythm, but it is not specific to any group of people.

Question 7

Research suggests that problems with night shifts can be overcome by

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that exposure to periods of high light while working can help overcome problems with night shifts, such as disrupted sleep patterns and decreased alertness. Higher personnel turnover, asking for volunteers, and playing soft music in the workplace are not effective solutions for addressing these issues.

Question 8

Simone flew from Edmonton, Alberta, to London, England, two days ago. Since then, she has been feeling sleepy during the day but has had difficulty sleeping during the night. The probable reason for her difficulty is that

Accepted Answer

Simone is experiencing symptoms of jet lag, which occurs when there is a mismatch between the body's natural circadian rhythm and the time zone of the new location. This can cause disruptions in sleep patterns and feelings of fatigue during the day. This is not caused by disruption of the hypothalamus, exhaustion from sightseeing, or disruption of digestive system due to odd meal times.

Question 9

How many different stages of NREM sleep have been identified?

Accepted Answer

There are four different stages of NREM sleep.

Question 10

Which of the following is characteristic of REM sleep?

Accepted Answer

REM sleep is characterized by increased brain temperature, not delta waves, activation of large muscles, or a decrease in adrenaline. During REM sleep, the brain becomes more active and the body temperature rises, which is why it is sometimes called "active sleep." Delta waves are associated with deep sleep, and the muscles are actually paralyzed during REM sleep to prevent the body from acting out dreams. Adrenaline levels may fluctuate during sleep, but they do not consistently decrease during REM sleep.

Question 11

Early research on sleep included monitoring subjects in all of the following areas except

Accepted Answer

Early research on sleep did not include monitoring large-muscle twitches. However, monitoring of chin-muscle tension, heart and respiration rates, and eye movements were commonly used to study sleep patterns.

Question 12

Which of the following occurs during REM sleep?

Accepted Answer

During REM sleep, there is a paralysis of the large muscles, which is believed to be a neurological mechanism to prevent individuals from acting out their dreams. Slower and irregular respiration and lower blood pressure typically occur during non-REM sleep, and brain activity is actually increased during REM sleep. Therefore, option C is the best choice.

Question 13

Which of the following is more typical of NREM than REM sleep?

Accepted Answer

NREM sleep is characterized by slow, regular respiration and heart rate, limited eye movements, and minimal bodily movement, making option D the most typical of NREM sleep. Option A is more typical of wakefulness or REM sleep, while option B and C are more typical of REM sleep.

Question 14

All of the following help shift workers feel better, except

Accepted Answer

Eating a large meal before, during, and immediately after a night shift can actually worsen fatigue and make it harder for the body to adjust to the new sleep schedule. The other options - modafinil, brief naps, and light exposure - have all been shown to be helpful for shift workers in improving alertness and reducing fatigue.

Question 15

Research has shown that the hour change during daylight savings time

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that the hour change during daylight savings time is associated with increased traffic accidents and deaths. This is likely due to the disruption in sleep patterns and circadian rhythms caused by the time change.

Question 16

Your company is creating a new rotating night shift for its workers. How would you advise them to proceed in order to reduce the risks associated with circadian rhythm disruption?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Your company is creating a new rotating...

Question 17

Which statement is the best description of sleep cycles in normal sleep?

Accepted Answer

Sleep cycles in normal sleep consist of one or more stages of NREM sleep (stages 1-4) followed by a stage of REM sleep. This cycle repeats throughout the night, with the length of each cycle and the proportion of time spent in each stage varying depending on the individual’s age and other factors. Therefore, Option C is the best statement that describes the sleep cycles in normal sleep.

Question 18

All of the following are believed to decrease problems associated with working night shifts, except

Accepted Answer

Staying awake for 24 hours after a night shift by increasing caffeine intake is not believed to decrease problems associated with working night shifts. In fact, it can further disrupt the body's natural sleep-wake cycle and lead to negative health consequences. The other three options (exposure to bright light, use of modafinil, and brief nap periods) have all been shown to potentially alleviate some of the negative effects of working night shifts.

Question 19

The negative impacts of shift work

Accepted Answer

The negative impacts of shift work can last for years and some effects may be permanent. Shift work disrupts the body's natural circadian rhythms and can lead to various health problems such as fatigue, insomnia, and increased risk of chronic diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. While some immediate effects can be resolved with normal sleep patterns after a few days or weeks, the long-term impacts can be more severe and persistent.

Question 20

Which of the following statements is not true about subjective night?

Accepted Answer

The statement "Body temperature is at its highest" is not true about subjective night. In fact, body temperature is at its lowest point during subjective night.

Quiz 4: States of Consciousness