Question 1

The elementary vowel and consonant sounds that combine to form morphemes are called __________.

Accepted Answer

The elementary vowel and consonant sounds that combine to form morphemes are called phonemes. Phonics refers to the method of teaching reading and spelling based on phonemes. Syntacks and consonemes are not commonly used terms in linguistics or education.

Question 2

The zone of __________ development from the theory of Lev Vygotsky refers to the difference between what a child can do alone and what a child can do together with a more competent person.

Accepted Answer

The zone of proximal development (ZPD) is a term coined by Lev Vygotsky to describe the difference between what a learner can do independently and what they can do with guidance or assistance from someone more competent in the subject matter. This concept suggests that learning occurs when learners are challenged to perform slightly above their current level with the guidance of a more experienced learner or teacher.

Question 3

Perhaps you've played this trick - you stand in an elevator and when it arrives at a new floor you turn around and stare at the ceiling.As others get on,you wait to see how long it takes before they turn and look to see what you are so interested in.As you laugh at the success of your practical joke,you think back to the theories of children's cognitive development,and realize that you have just demonstrated a version of joint visual __________.

Accepted Answer

Joint visual attention is the ability to share attention with someone else and focus on the same object or event. In this scenario, the prankster is trying to see how long it takes for other people to share their attention with him by looking at the ceiling, which falls under the category of joint visual attention. Therefore, the best choice would be A.

Question 4

__________ memory refers to remembering to perform a specific action or task.

Accepted Answer

Prospective memory refers to the ability to remember to perform a specific action or task at a later time, such as remembering to attend a meeting or take medication. Anticipatory memory refers to the ability to anticipate and prepare for events that are likely to occur, while proactive memory refers to taking steps to reduce the likelihood of forgetting something in the future. Retrospective memory refers to the ability to recall past events or information.

Question 5

Though the recent research has its problems,it has suggested which of the following trends about intelligence changes as we age?

Accepted Answer

Recent research suggests that intelligence is generally stable throughout adulthood, and may even increase into later adulthood. While there may be some decline in certain cognitive abilities, overall intelligence does not follow a strict inverted-U shaped curve or linear pattern.

Question 6

Which theorist led the case for the influence of social interactions on cognitive development?

Accepted Answer

Lev Vygotsky developed the sociocultural theory, which emphasized the role of social interactions and cultural context in cognitive development. He believed that children learn best through social interaction with more knowledgeable others, and that language plays a crucial role in cognitive development.

Question 7

Robin is working as a student teacher while she finishes her degree in education.Each day she has a portion of the class time where she is in charge,and the teacher who serves as her mentor observes her,takes notes,and offers her constructive feedback on how to improve her work.This "mentor/apprentice" model of learning is most similar to __________'s theory of cognitive development.

Accepted Answer

Lev Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development emphasizes the importance of social interaction and mentorship in learning. His concept of the "zone of proximal development" suggests that learners can accomplish tasks with the help of more knowledgeable others, such as mentors or teachers, that they couldn't achieve alone. The mentor/apprentice model described in the scenario aligns with Vygotsky's ideas about the role of social interaction and guidance in learning.

Question 8

The smallest unit of meaning in a language is called a __________.It represents objects,events,ideas,characteristics,and relationships in that language's vocabulary.

Accepted Answer

A morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning in a language. It can be a word or a part of a word, and it carries meaning on its own. Phonemes are the smallest units of sound in a language, while semantics refers to the meaning of words and sentences, and syntax refers to the rules for combining words into sentences.

Question 9

Joint visual __________ describes a behavior in which a baby looks at an adult's eyes,follows the adult's gaze,and then directs his or her own gaze toward whatever the adult is looking at.

Accepted Answer

Joint visual attention refers to the ability of an infant to follow another person's gaze and to look back and forth between the object of the gaze and the gazer's eyes. Thus, attention is the best choice.

Question 10

__________ is the skill of organizing information and beliefs into a series of steps leading to a conclusion.

Accepted Answer

Reasoning involves the ability to gather and analyze information, and then organize it into a logical sequence of steps leading to a conclusion. Analyzing is a related skill, but it involves breaking down information into its component parts rather than synthesizing them into a conclusion. Centrating and operationalizing are not related to the skill of organizing information and beliefs into a series of steps leading to a conclusion.

Question 11

Which of the following is a commonly discussed criticism of Piaget's theory of cognitive development in children?

Accepted Answer

Piaget is often criticized for underestimating children's cognitive abilities. His stages suggest that children do not reach certain cognitive milestones until they are older, but modern research has shown that children can demonstrate these abilities earlier than Piaget proposed.

Question 12

Teenagers in the formal operational stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development may get involved in __________ thinking,which refers to imagining possibilities or impossibilities.

Accepted Answer

Teenagers in the formal operational stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development engage in hypothetical thinking, which involves imagining possibilities or impossibilities. Schema-based thinking involves organizing information into mental structures or frameworks. Egocentric thinking involves seeing the world only from one's own perspective. Centrical thinking is not a term used in Piaget's theory.

Question 13

A(n)__________ refers to a group of people who are raised during the same time period.

Accepted Answer

A cohort refers to a group of individuals who share a common experience or demographic characteristic, such as being born in the same time period or experiencing a particular historical event. The other options do not specifically refer to individuals who were raised during the same time period.

Question 14

When a parent wants a young child to look at something on the floor,the phenomenon called joint visual attention says that the parent should __________.

Accepted Answer

Joint visual attention involves both the parent and child looking at the same object. By looking at the object, the parent can guide the child's attention to it.

Question 15

Cross-sectional research studies gather data from many people who are of the same age,and compare them to others who are at a different age,and thus a different level of development.The name for a group of people who are the same age and thus were raised during the same time period is a(n)__________

Accepted Answer

A cohort refers to a group of people who are the same age and have experienced similar historical and social events during their development. Cross-sectional research often compares different cohorts to study developmental trends and differences across generations. A control group and experimental subject group are terms used in experimental research designs, and a schema refers to an individual's mental representation of knowledge or cognitive framework.

Question 16

The development of the __________ lobes of the cerebrum allows an adolescent to start developing the ability to reason.

Accepted Answer

The frontal lobes of the cerebrum are responsible for higher-order thinking skills such as reasoning, problem-solving, and decision-making. These skills are often not fully developed until late adolescence or early adulthood as the brain continues to mature.

Question 17

Which of the following statements is the best summary of the cognitive development theory of Lev Vygotsky?

Accepted Answer

Vygotsky's cognitive development theory emphasizes the importance of social interaction and learning through collaboration and communication with others. He believes that cognitive development begins at the social level and then moves to the individual level. Children learn best when they interact with more knowledgeable people and are given opportunities to solve problems together. Choice B is incorrect because Vygotsky does not focus on discipline or boundaries, but rather on social interaction. Choice C is incorrect because Vygotsky emphasizes the importance of external factors, particularly social interaction. Choice D is incorrect because while Vygotsky believed that children learn through exploration, he also believed that social interaction and collaboration were crucial to cognitive development.

Question 18

The __________ in a sentence are the basic units of meaning that are being communicated.

Accepted Answer

Morphemes are the smallest meaningful units within a word or sentence. Phonemes are individual sounds, while syntacks and syllocrostics are not terms used in linguistics.

Question 19

As Emily,a 68-year old widow,went about her day,she was certain that there was something that she'd forgotten to do.Somewhere around 8:30 at night,she realized that she'd forgotten to go to the bank to buy travelers checks for her upcoming trip to Hawaii.This memory failure,which in this case was related to her __________ memory,is something that often declines in the later years.

Accepted Answer

The memory failure described in the scenario is related to prospective memory, which involves remembering to perform a planned action at a specific time in the future. This type of memory often declines with age. The other options (proactive, executive, and episodic memory) do not fit the scenario as well.

Question 20

What is the age range bound by the four stages of Piaget's theory?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the age range bound by...

Quiz 10: Human Development I: Physical, Cognitive, and Language Development