Question 1

According to Abraham Maslow,what is the lowest,or most basic,level of human needs?

Accepted Answer

According to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, physiological needs, such as food, water, shelter, and sleep, are the most basic and fundamental needs that must be satisfied before an individual can move up to the next level of needs. Without meeting these needs, a person cannot focus on higher-level needs such as safety, love and belonging, esteem, and self-actualization.

Question 2

To what sort of treatment were the dogs in Seligman's experiment on learned helplessness exposed?

Accepted Answer

The dogs in Seligman's experiment were exposed to electrical shocks with no chance to escape, leading to the development of learned helplessness.

Question 3

The concept of reciprocal __________ is a theory that states that a person's behavior is both influenced by and influences a person's personal factors.

Accepted Answer

The concept of reciprocal determinism is a theory developed by psychologist Albert Bandura. It suggests that a person's behavior is influenced by and in turn influences both their personal factors (such as cognitive skills or attitudes) and their environment.

Question 4

Psychologist Martin Seligman constructed his theory of learned helplessness after conducting experiments involving __________.

Accepted Answer

Martin Seligman's theory of learned helplessness was developed after conducting experiments on dogs. These experiments demonstrated that animals could develop a sense of helplessness after being subjected to unavoidable adverse events.

Question 5

An outcome __________ is a person's assumptions about the consequences of his or her own behavior.

Accepted Answer

An outcome expectancy refers to a person's expectations or beliefs about the outcomes or consequences of his or her own behavior. It is a cognitive factor that can influence motivation and behavior.

Question 6

The __________ of control refers to a person's perception of whether he or she has control over a given situation.

Accepted Answer

Locus of control refers to an individual's belief in the amount of control they have over their life events. It can either be internal, where individuals believe that they have control over their destiny, or external, where individuals believe that external factors such as luck, fate, or other people control their lives.

Question 7

Which of the following falls right in the middle of the hierarchy of needs?

Accepted Answer

Attachment needs, also known as love and belonging needs, are in the middle of Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

Question 8

__________ theories of personality place emphasis on the beliefs and habits of thought,both conscious and unconscious,that we form through our interactions with society.

Accepted Answer

Social cognitive theories of personality focus on how beliefs and habits of thought are formed through interactions with society, including both conscious and unconscious factors such as social learning, cognitive processing, and self-regulation. Behavioral theories focus more on how external factors shape behavior, while dichotomous and diathesis theories focus on particular dimensions of personality or specific risk factors for mental illness.

Question 9

__________ is the life-story conception of personality that is favored by psychologist Dan McAdams.

Accepted Answer

Psychobiography is the life-story conception of personality favored by psychologist Dan McAdams. This approach emphasizes the importance of life experiences, cultural context, and personal narratives in shaping an individual's personality. It involves using psychological theories and methods to study the life stories of individuals in order to gain insight into their personality development.

Question 10

The hierarchy of __________ is a pyramidal structure that shows the five basic requirements that must be satisfied for a person to achieve self-actualization.

Accepted Answer

The hierarchy of needs is a pyramidal structure developed by Abraham Maslow that shows the five basic requirements (physiology, safety, love/belonging, esteem, and self-actualization) that must be satisfied for a person to achieve self-actualization.

Question 11

"You know me," Ritchard said to his friend Jason."I believe that generally speaking you find what you look for.If you look for problems,you will find them.If you look for happiness,you will find it." According to the theory of personal control,Ritchard has a(n)__________ locus of control.

Accepted Answer

Ritchard's belief that one's outlook and perspective determines their experiences and outcomes in life reflects an internal locus of control, meaning he believes he has control over his own life and circumstances rather than external factors like luck or fate. The other choices (stable, solid, directable) do not accurately describe Ritchard's belief system.

Question 12

A situation where an individual feels constantly unable to control important situations may eventually cause them to develop learned __________.

Accepted Answer

The term "learned helplessness" refers to a state where an individual has learned that their actions have no impact on the outcomes of important situations, leading to feelings of helplessness and lack of control. This can result in a range of negative consequences, including decreased motivation and higher levels of stress and anxiety.

Question 13

Which theorist is responsible for promoting the theory of psychobiography?

Accepted Answer

Dan McAdams is responsible for promoting the theory of psychobiography, which involves applying psychological theory and research to the study of an individual's life. Oprah Winfrey is a television personality, Julian Rotter is known for his theory of locus of control, and Margaret Mahler contributed to the field of object relations theory.

Question 14

Carl Rogers wasn't the only humanistic personality theorist,was he? __________ was also very interested in this theory,and suggested that the quest for self-actualization is what drives many of our behaviors.

Accepted Answer

Abraham Maslow was also a prominent humanistic personality theorist who believed that self-actualization, or the realization of one's full potential, was a key motivator in human behavior.

Question 15

Which of the following pairs of concepts from different theories are the most similar?

Accepted Answer

Both self-efficacy and locus of control are related to an individual's belief about their ability to control outcomes. Self-efficacy is the belief in one's ability to accomplish a specific task, while locus of control refers to a belief about whether one's actions can affect outcomes or whether outcomes are determined by external factors. Both concepts relate to an individual's sense of control over their environment.

Question 16

Which theorist proposed that the level of control we believe we have over the world around us influences our personality?

Accepted Answer

The theorist who proposed that the level of control we believe we have over the world around us influences our personality is Julian Rotter. This idea is known as locus of control, and it suggests that people with an internal locus of control believe they have control over their lives, while those with an external locus of control believe that external factors such as luck or fate determine their outcomes.

Question 17

Which theory of personality has been generally lauded for being the most optimistic of the major theories?

Accepted Answer

Humanistic theory is generally considered the most optimistic of the major personality theories because it emphasizes people's inherent potential for self-awareness and personal growth. It focuses on individuals' ability to make positive changes in their lives and reach self-actualization, which is a state of fulfillment and satisfaction with one's life.

Question 18

Perhaps you've read a difficult story about a woman who was in an abusive relationship for an extended period of time.Perhaps you've also wondered,even momentarily,"Why did she stay with that person if they were abusive?" Based on your reading,which theory would do the best job of explaining why people stay in abusive relationships?

Accepted Answer

The theory of learned helplessness would do the best job of explaining why people stay in abusive relationships. This theory suggests that people who have experienced repeated negative events, such as abuse, may begin to feel that they have no control over their situation and begin to feel helpless. Over time, they may become conditioned to expect and accept the abuse as normal and may see no way out.

Question 19

"Those who believe they will succeed are usually right.Those who believe they will fail are always right." This quotation is a brief summary of the locus of control theory of __________.

Accepted Answer

The locus of control theory, which suggests that individuals can have an internal or external locus of control regarding the outcomes in their lives, was developed by psychologist Julian Rotter. The quotation suggests that one's beliefs about their potential for success or failure are intimately tied to their locus of control.

Question 20

While sitting in her class getting ready for her midterm exam,Paris was full of anxiety.She whispered to her friend "I studied and studied,but I know I'm just going to fail this test." According to Julian Rotter,Paris has a(n)__________ locus of control.

Accepted Answer

Paris's statement suggests that she believes that external factors are influencing her ability to perform well on the test, indicating an external locus of control.

Quiz 16: Personality and Individual Differences