Question 1

Differentiate the roles of the two different phosphorylation sites of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1). Include the specific amino acids that are phosphorylated as well as the signaling pathway involved in your answer.

Accepted Answer

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Question 2

Insulin-resistant diabetes, once called adult-onset diabetes, is now known as . Describe the main characteristics of this type of diabetes and contrast them to the main characteristics of childhood-onset diabetes.

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Question 3

When calories consumed/day is equal to the calories expended/day, a person is considered to have a(n) _. Describe the role of leptin in this process.

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Question 4

Humans have evolved to utilize ketone bodies as a partial replacement for glucose during times of starvation before moving toward muscle protein as an energy source. Why is this beneficial?

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Question 5

Liver and skeletal muscle both respond to insulin by exhibiting an increased metabolic flux through glycolytic and glycogen synthesis pathways. Yet the tissues also exhibit different responses in how glucose is transported into the cells on insulin stimulation. What are these differences?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Liver and skeletal muscle both respond to...

Question 6

Samples of adipose tissue from a patient were analyzed by Western blot. Samples were obtained before and after treatment with a drug aimed to treat type 2 diabetes. Given the data shown, determine which sample (A or B) was obtained after drug administration. Discuss your reasoning and include the name of the drug that was used in the study.

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Question 7

A physician believes her patient has metabolic syndrome. In her examining room, she checks the patient's visceral fat levels and blood pressure. She then writes out a prescription for the patient to obtain bloodwork. The bloodwork includes a glucose tolerance test. What additional bloodwork should the physician order for the patient?

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Question 8

During starvation, acetyl-CoA generated by fatty acid oxidation is used to generate ketone bodies. Relate how rates of fatty acid oxidation and flux through the citric acid cycle can lead to increased ketogenesis in this situation.

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Question 9

Whipple surgery, sometimes carried out on patients battling pancreatic cancer, is one of the most demanding surgeries to perform. It involves removing parts of the pancreas and rerouting aspects of the digestive track. A complication of the surgery can be the development of diabetes. Why could this complication develop? Include the types of cells and hormones that are involved.

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Question 10

Design a blood test that could distinguish between those with type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes.

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Question 11

Membrane fractions of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue were purified. Before purification the samples were exposed to insulin or glucagon. The samples were then analyzed via Western blotting using antibodies against GLUT4 and GLUT2. A loading control was included in the analysis. The results are shown below. Assume that sample A is skeletal muscle. Which sample corresponds to skeletal muscle that has been exposed to insulin? Explain your choice.

Accepted Answer

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Question 12

Compare the phosphorylation state of IRS1 in a normal muscle cell on TNF-$\alpha$exposure with that of a muscle cell exposed to insulin.

Accepted Answer

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Question 13

What is the physiological importance of PPAR$\alpha$signaling in liver cells after overnight fasting?

Accepted Answer

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Question 14

This is a Western blot of wild-type neurons after exposure to leptin. Choose the sample (A, B, C, or D) that represents the expected data for POMC neurons and explain the reason for your choice.

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Question 15

Proposed by James Neel, the explains the high rates of obesity in developed countries. Describe how fat storage is involved in this proposal.

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Question 16

If the bottom curve in this experiment represents the results from a normal human, the top curve represent the results from a human with what disease?

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Question 17

Propose an experimental design using identical twins that would support the thrifty gene hypothesis.

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Question 18

Compare the activation levels of AMPK signaling in a normal-weight versus an obese person in response to adiponectin exposure.

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Question 19

Are thiazolidinediones agonists or antagonists of PPAR$\gamma$?

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Question 20

A patient presents with insulin resistance, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. What condition would you diagnose this patient as having?

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Quiz 19: Metabolic Integration

Differentiate the roles of the two different phosphorylation sites of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1). Include the specific amino acids that are phosphorylated as well as the signaling pathway involved in your answer.

Insulin-resistant diabetes, once called adult-onset diabetes, is now known as . Describe the main characteristics of this type of diabetes and contrast them to the main characteristics of childhood-onset diabetes.

When calories consumed/day is equal to the calories expended/day, a person is considered to have a(n) _. Describe the role of leptin in this process.

Humans have evolved to utilize ketone bodies as a partial replacement for glucose during times of starvation before moving toward muscle protein as an energy source. Why is this beneficial?

Liver and skeletal muscle both respond to insulin by exhibiting an increased metabolic flux through glycolytic and glycogen synthesis pathways. Yet the tissues also exhibit different responses in how glucose is transported into the cells on insulin stimulation. What are these differences?

During starvation, acetyl-CoA generated by fatty acid oxidation is used to generate ketone bodies. Relate how rates of fatty acid oxidation and flux through the citric acid cycle can lead to increased ketogenesis in this situation.

Design a blood test that could distinguish between those with type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes.

Compare the phosphorylation state of IRS1 in a normal muscle cell on TNF- $\alpha$ exposure with that of a muscle cell exposed to insulin.

What is the physiological importance of PPAR $\alpha$ signaling in liver cells after overnight fasting?

This is a Western blot of wild-type neurons after exposure to leptin. Choose the sample (A, B, C, or D) that represents the expected data for POMC neurons and explain the reason for your choice.

Proposed by James Neel, the explains the high rates of obesity in developed countries. Describe how fat storage is involved in this proposal.

If the bottom curve in this experiment represents the results from a normal human, the top curve represent the results from a human with what disease?

Propose an experimental design using identical twins that would support the thrifty gene hypothesis.

Compare the activation levels of AMPK signaling in a normal-weight versus an obese person in response to adiponectin exposure.

Are thiazolidinediones agonists or antagonists of PPAR $\gamma$ ?

A patient presents with insulin resistance, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. What condition would you diagnose this patient as having?

Quiz 19: Metabolic Integration

Differentiate the roles of the two different phosphorylation sites of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1). Include the specific amino acids that are phosphorylated as well as the signaling pathway involved in your answer.

Insulin-resistant diabetes, once called adult-onset diabetes, is now known as . Describe the main characteristics of this type of diabetes and contrast them to the main characteristics of childhood-onset diabetes.

When calories consumed/day is equal to the calories expended/day, a person is considered to have a(n) _. Describe the role of leptin in this process.

Humans have evolved to utilize ketone bodies as a partial replacement for glucose during times of starvation before moving toward muscle protein as an energy source. Why is this beneficial?

Liver and skeletal muscle both respond to insulin by exhibiting an increased metabolic flux through glycolytic and glycogen synthesis pathways. Yet the tissues also exhibit different responses in how glucose is transported into the cells on insulin stimulation. What are these differences?

During starvation, acetyl-CoA generated by fatty acid oxidation is used to generate ketone bodies. Relate how rates of fatty acid oxidation and flux through the citric acid cycle can lead to increased ketogenesis in this situation.

Design a blood test that could distinguish between those with type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes.

Compare the phosphorylation state of IRS1 in a normal muscle cell on TNF- α\alphaα exposure with that of a muscle cell exposed to insulin.

What is the physiological importance of PPAR α\alphaα signaling in liver cells after overnight fasting?

This is a Western blot of wild-type neurons after exposure to leptin. Choose the sample (A, B, C, or D) that represents the expected data for POMC neurons and explain the reason for your choice.

Proposed by James Neel, the explains the high rates of obesity in developed countries. Describe how fat storage is involved in this proposal.

If the bottom curve in this experiment represents the results from a normal human, the top curve represent the results from a human with what disease?

Propose an experimental design using identical twins that would support the thrifty gene hypothesis.

Compare the activation levels of AMPK signaling in a normal-weight versus an obese person in response to adiponectin exposure.

Are thiazolidinediones agonists or antagonists of PPAR γ\gammaγ ?

A patient presents with insulin resistance, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. What condition would you diagnose this patient as having?

Compare the phosphorylation state of IRS1 in a normal muscle cell on TNF- $\alpha$ exposure with that of a muscle cell exposed to insulin.

What is the physiological importance of PPAR $\alpha$ signaling in liver cells after overnight fasting?

Are thiazolidinediones agonists or antagonists of PPAR $\gamma$ ?