Question 1

In which kind of question are interviewees prompted to give their account of a situation or experience?
A)Specifying questions
B)Structuring questions
C)Introducing questions
D)Interpreting question
E)Indirect question

Accepted Answer

Introducing questions are used to prompt interviewees to speak about a specific situation or experience they have had. These types of questions begin with phrases such as "Can you describe...", "Tell me about...", or "Walk me through...". The other answer choices do not fit this description.

Question 2

Using ________ can actually encourage a participant to continue talking.
A)personal experience
B)silence
C)asking for details
D)talking about specific topics
E)the Socratic method

Accepted Answer

Silence can be a powerful tool in encouraging participants to continue talking. When the interviewer or facilitator remains quiet after a participant has finished speaking, it signals that they are still interested and open to hearing more. This can help the participant feel more comfortable and encouraged to share additional thoughts or details.

Question 3

A question by an interviewer such as "I would now like to discuss another issue ..." is an example of a(n)
A)specifying question.
B)direct question.
C)indirect question.
D)structuring question.
E)introducing question.

Accepted Answer

The question is a structuring question as it is used to introduce a new topic or issue in an interview. It doesn't seek a direct answer but rather frames the conversation.

Question 4

A limitation of focus group interviews is the so-called "polarization effect." This means that
A)a moderator may unknowingly limit open,free expression of group members.
B)focus group participants produce fewer ideas than individual interviews do.
C)attitudes become more extreme after group discussion.
D)it is not clear whom the members of the focus group are representing-themselves,social groups,or their membership in the focus group.
E)the natural setting allows people to express opinions/ideas freely.

Accepted Answer

The polarization effect refers to the phenomenon where attitudes can become more extreme after group discussion, which is a limitation of the focus group interview method. The other options are not related to this phenomenon.

Question 5

Define the following:
-focus group

Accepted Answer

The answer of Define the following:
-focus group...

Question 6

Which of the following statements about the use of incentives in qualitative research is NOT true?
A)Incentives can be cash honorariums.
B)Instead of offering individual interviewees incentives,researchers can give incentives to communities and organizations upon completion of a research project.
C)Researchers can offer participants cash to compensate them for their time.
D)It is unethical to offer incentive for participation unless it would be difficult to obtain important information without such an offer.
E)Whether individual participants receive the same compensation as other participants,or any material compensation,can be left up to chance as when a researcher enters participants names into a draw for prizes.

Accepted Answer

It is not true that it is unethical to offer incentive for participation unless it would be difficult to obtain important information without such an offer. Incentives can be used ethically to compensate participants for their time and effort, regardless of whether the information they provide is considered "important" or not. It is important, however, to ensure that the incentives offered are not coercive and do not unduly influence participants to provide certain responses or to participate in the study when they might not otherwise do so.

Question 7

In order to increase the trustworthiness of their qualitative interview data,researchers should ensure that
A)their data is made available to other interested researchers who may want to reanalyze it.
B)they interview their respondents more than once.
C)they develop research questions prior to conducting their interviews.
D)their respondents are telling the truth.
E)they select participants who are as homogeneous as possible.

Accepted Answer

Making the data available to other researchers for reanalysis can increase the transparency and credibility of the research findings. It allows for other perspectives and interpretations to be considered and ensures that the data is valid and trustworthy. Additionally, it promotes accountability and replicability in research. Choices B and E are not necessarily related to increasing trustworthiness, as conducting multiple interviews or selecting homogeneous participants may not necessarily improve the quality of the data. Choice C is important for ensuring that the research is focused and relevant, but it does not directly relate to the trustworthiness of the data. Choice D assumes that the respondents may not be telling the truth, which is not necessarily the case and can undermine the trustworthiness of the data.

Question 8

Groupthink refers to
A)a person whose role is to argue against a dominant idea.
B)a person's natural desire to avoid conflict and lean toward group consensus,even when the group's opinion does not reflect his/her own opinion.
C)the tendency for interviewees to think alike.
D)the use of a moderator to get focus group participants to respond similarly on questions.
E)respondents who share similar socio-economic attributes.

Accepted Answer

Groupthink refers to the phenomenon where a group of people strive for consensus and unanimity at the expense of critical thinking and opposing viewpoints, in order to avoid conflict. Therefore, the best choice is B, which accurately describes this tendency.

Question 9

Which of the following is an example of an "indirect question" used in qualitative interviewing?
A)Why do you think young men are attracted to high-risk sports like heli-skiing?
B)What does it feel like to participate in high-risk sports activities?
C)From what you have said,you really enjoy participating in high-risk sports activities?
D)So,it is all basically about the adrenaline rush?
E)I was just wondering,how do you feel about high-risk sports in general?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is an example...

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT one of the advantages of qualitative interviews?
A)They allow the researcher to see the world from the interviewee's perspective.
B)Reading reports that use qualitative interviewing for data collection is very engaging,and creates a sense of intimacy between the researcher,interviewees,and the reader.
C)Qualitative interviews are a valuable method for studying understudied or previously understudied populations.
D)Qualitative interview data can create theories that can give rise to future research,including quantitative research.
E)Sample sizes are usually small in comparison to those used in quantitative research.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is NOT one...

Question 11

A main feature of focus group interviews is
A)that the group being interviewed should be as heterogeneous as possible.
B)that the group being interviewed should be as homogeneous as possible.
C)that the group being interviewed should be as diverse as possible.
D)that the researcher should use a wide variety of related research questions.
E)that the individuals who make up the focus group should be made up of a variety of age categories,ethnic groups,and occupational backgrounds.

Accepted Answer

A main feature of focus group interviews is that the group being interviewed should be as homogeneous as possible. This means that participants should share common characteristics such as age, gender, occupation, or experiences relevant to the research topic. Homogeneity can help facilitate open discussion and a more comfortable atmosphere for participants to share their opinions and experiences.

Question 12

At what point in the interview are direct questions typically used?
A)Beginning
B)Middle
C)End
D)After indirect questions
E)Before indirect questions

Accepted Answer

Direct questions are typically used in the middle of the interview after establishing a rapport through small talk and indirect questions. This allows the interviewer to gather more specific information and gain further insight into the candidate's skills and experience. Beginning with direct questions can be too confrontational and may put the candidate on the defensive, while asking direct questions at the end of the interview may not leave enough time for follow-up or clarification.

Question 13

An interview guide is essential in order to
A)get the researcher to stay focused on the research question.
B)keep the researcher to a chronological question order.
C)ensure that the researcher covers all topics.
D)A and B
E)A and C

Accepted Answer

An interview guide is essential to ensure that the researcher stays focused on the research question and covers all the relevant topics. It doesn't necessarily have to keep the researcher to a chronological question order, as long as all the topics are covered. Therefore, options A and C are the best choices.

Question 14

Define the following:
-direct questions

Accepted Answer

The answer of Define the following:
-direct questions...

Question 15

According to Kvale's typology,__________ questions are used to solicit additional descriptions of topics just discussed by the interviewee,while __________ questions are used to prompt interviewees to expand on incomplete points.
A)follow-up; probe
B)probe; follow-up
C)probe; specifying
D)follow-up; specifying
E)specifying; interpreting

Accepted Answer

Kvale's typology suggests that follow-up questions are used to get additional information or clarification regarding a topic that has been already discussed, while probe questions prompt interviewees to elaborate on incomplete points they have made earlier. Therefore, option A is the correct choice. Option B is incorrect because the order of the questions is reversed. Option C is incorrect as specifying questions are used to get specific information from the interviewee, rather than to encourage them to elaborate on incomplete points. Option D is incorrect as "specifying" is not a category in Kvale's typology. Option E is also incorrect because it does not fit with Kvale's typology at all.

Question 16

A major development (project)for qualitative data resources in recent years has been
A)eliminating international restrictions which made it difficult for some to access qualitative data resources.
B)eliminating restrictions which made it difficult for researchers without academic affiliations to access qualitative data resources.
C)enforcing standards of trustworthiness in agencies that generate qualitative data.
D)discerning links between qualitative and quantitative data.
E)efforts to archive qualitative data.

Accepted Answer

Efforts to archive qualitative data have been a major development in recent years, as it allows for the long-term preservation and accessibility of qualitative data resources. This is important for replication purposes, as well as for allowing other researchers to build upon and expand previous research. Furthermore, archiving qualitative data can lead to increased transparency and accountability in research.

Question 17

Which of the following is often a limitation of using focus groups?
A)People won't talk in a natural setting like a focus group.
B)People in focus groups do not comment on what others in the group said.
C)People feel more empowered,especially marginalized groups in society.
D)In focus groups everyone always comes to total agreement; there is no diversity of opinion.
E)Focus groups produce fewer ideas than those that occur in individual interviews.

Accepted Answer

Focus groups can be limited in terms of generating new ideas or concepts because the group dynamic may stifle individual creativity or unique perspectives. In contrast, individual interviews may produce more diverse and specific insights from participants.

Question 18

Define the following:
-devil's advocate

Accepted Answer

The answer of Define the following:
-devil's advocate...

Question 19

While participating as a member of a focus group assembled to discuss the emotional impact of workplace injuries,Connor Cummerbund took it upon himself to question the dominant ideas affirmed by the rest of the group and introduce new questions about the nature of employment contracts.Which of the following applies to Connor's behaviour?
A)Groupthink
B)Devil's advocate
C)Speaking from many "voices"
D)Speaking from marginalized "voices"
E)Polarizing discussion

Accepted Answer

Connor Cummerbund is playing the role of a devil's advocate by voicing views contrary to the dominant ideas of the group.

Question 20

Qualitative researchers appreciate that the interview's meaning is shaped by its gestalt.What does the term gestalt denote?
A)Where individual interviews fit along a spectrum from ethical to unethical
B)The nature of an interview's subject matter
C)The whole interaction of a researcher and a member in a specific context
D)The emotional dynamics of the interview process and the participants relation to the subject matter
E)The power asymmetries between researchers and participants

Accepted Answer

Gestalt refers to the whole or entire structure of an experience, in this case, the interaction between the researcher and participant in a specific context. It encompasses all aspects of the interview, including nonverbal communication, emotions, and the atmosphere. The meaning of the interview is therefore shaped by the gestalt of the entire interaction.

Quiz 12: Qualitative Interviewing

In which kind of question are interviewees prompted to give their account of a situation or experience?

Using ________ can actually encourage a participant to continue talking.

A question by an interviewer such as "I would now like to discuss another issue ..." is an example of a(n)

A limitation of focus group interviews is the so-called "polarization effect." This means that

Define the following: -focus group

Which of the following statements about the use of incentives in qualitative research is NOT true?

In order to increase the trustworthiness of their qualitative interview data,researchers should ensure that

Groupthink refers to

Which of the following is an example of an "indirect question" used in qualitative interviewing?

Which of the following is NOT one of the advantages of qualitative interviews?

A main feature of focus group interviews is

At what point in the interview are direct questions typically used?

An interview guide is essential in order to

Define the following: -direct questions

According to Kvale's typology, questions are used to solicit additional descriptions of topics just discussed by the interviewee,while questions are used to prompt interviewees to expand on incomplete points.

A major development (project) for qualitative data resources in recent years has been

Which of the following is often a limitation of using focus groups?

Define the following: -devil's advocate

Qualitative researchers appreciate that the interview's meaning is shaped by its gestalt.What does the term gestalt denote?