Question 1

Parents of children with ADHD

Accepted Answer

The answer of Parents of children with ADHD
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Question 2

The consistency of rules and the level of parental expectations are part of parental

Accepted Answer

Consistency of rules and level of parental expectations fall under the category of methods of control, which is a dimension of parenting style. A parenting style involves both responsiveness (warmth and support) and control (rules, expectations, and discipline), but in this case, the focus is on control.

Question 3

Research on children in the United States indicates that the effects of spanking include all the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

The research on children in the United States indicates that the effects of spanking include modeling physical force, undermining positive values, carrying negative emotional messages, and causing emotional instability. However, there is no evidence that spanking leads to higher academic achievement in high school. In fact, some research suggests that the negative effects of spanking can have long-term consequences on a child's development and well-being.

Question 4

All of the following are sex differences in mothers' expectations with respect to school-aged children's self-regulatory behavior EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

The answer of All of the following are sex differences...

Question 5

Which of the following sets of characteristics is typical of children reared in families in which parents consistently make realistically high demands on them?

Accepted Answer

Children who are consistently challenged and held to high standards by their parents tend to have higher self-esteem, as they feel capable of meeting those demands. Additionally, they may develop a sense of altruism as they learn to prioritize the needs and well-being of others. Finally, they may have lower levels of aggression, as they have learned to express themselves appropriately and control their emotions. Therefore, option A is the most appropriate choice.

Question 6

Couples with satisfying marital relationships are more warm and supportive to toward their children; those with discordant relationships also have more negative relationships with their children. These results are

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Question 7

Mark and Jane have a six-month-old son. Most of the time they pick him up right away when he cries, and if you watched them with the baby, you'd see that if he smiles, they immediately smile back. Now that he's babbling a bit, they also "talk back" to him when he makes noises. Psychologists who study family interactions would describe Mark and Jane's behavior as ________.

Accepted Answer

Mark and Jane's behavior shows responsiveness, which means they are paying close attention to their baby's cues and responding appropriately. This is a positive and important aspect of parent-child interactions for the baby's development and well-being.

Question 8

Parents high in warmth do all of the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

Giving the child everything he or she wants is not a characteristic of parents high in warmth. This type of parenting is known as permissive parenting, which is not necessarily associated with high levels of warmth.

Question 9

Depressed parents are more likely to perceive their children as more

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Question 10

According to Baumrind, the dimension of parenting associated with the amount of responsiveness and warmth the parent shows the child is known as

Accepted Answer

The dimension of parenting associated with the amount of responsiveness and warmth the parent shows the child is known as nurturance. Baumrind's parenting styles are characterized by three dimensions: nurturance, control, and maturity demands. Nurturance refers to the extent to which parents are warm, supportive, and responsive to their children's needs. Control refers to the extent to which parents set limits and enforce rules. Maturity demands refer to the extent to which parents set expectations for children's behavior and emotional regulation.

Question 11

Kurdek and Fine found that greater parental control of junior high school students led to

Accepted Answer

The answer of Kurdek and Fine found that greater parental...

Question 12

Because spanking usually temporarily stops the child's bad behavior

Accepted Answer

Negative reinforcement occurs when a behavior is strengthened by the removal or avoidance of an aversive stimulus. In this case, the spanking is the aversive stimulus that is removed when the child stops their bad behavior, which reinforces the parent to use spanking as punishment in the future. However, it is important to note that negative reinforcement is not a recommended or effective method of discipline.

Question 13

Research on effective punishment has shown which combination of factors to be most effective in changing a child's behavior over the long-term with the least negative side effects?

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that early intervention, with a low emotional level and mild punishment, is the most effective in changing a child's behavior over the long-term with the least negative side effects. This means addressing the behavior as soon as possible, using a calm and controlled tone, and providing consequences that are not too severe. This approach has been found to be more effective than waiting until the behavior becomes more problematic or using harsher forms of punishment.

Question 14

Mark and Carlotta make sure their children understand the rules of behavior and rarely make any exceptions to these rules. We would expect that their children will be

Accepted Answer

Mark and Carlotta's consistent enforcement of rules creates a predictable and stable environment for their children, which can lead to a confident sense of security in knowing what behavior is expected.

Question 15

Depressed parents perceive their children as more difficult and problematic and are more critical of them,

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that depressed parents perceive their children as more difficult and problematic and are more critical of them, even when objective observers cannot identify any difference in the behavior of such children and the children of nondepressed mothers. This indicates that the perceptions of depressed parents may be distorted and unrelated to the actual behavior of their children.

Question 16

A child is far more likely to become aggressive or delinquent later in childhood, to be a substance abuser in adolescence and adulthood, to attempt suicide, to have emotional problems, and to have a lower IQ if he or she is

Accepted Answer

Research has consistently shown that harsh and frequent spanking is linked to negative outcomes such as aggression, delinquency, substance abuse, emotional problems, and lower IQ. Permissive rearing and authoritative control style have not been consistently linked to these negative outcomes. Negative reinforcement refers to the removal of an aversive stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior, and it is not relevant to this question. The option "rarely spanked" could be a better alternative to harsh and frequent spanking, but it is not as strongly supported by research as the option A.

Question 17

One of the long term effects of spanking is that children who are spanked may

Accepted Answer

Spanking can be interpreted by children as a form of rejection, which can negatively impact their self-esteem and perception of their relationship with their parent. It can also lead to a cycle of aggressive behavior, as children may model the use of physical force to solve problems.

Question 18

Children who grow up in a family that employs open communication display all of the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

The other options are all potential benefits of growing up in a family that employs open communication. However, resentment towards children with different family styles would not be a typical outcome, as open communication typically promotes empathy and understanding of others.

Question 19

Research has shown that parental warmth

Accepted Answer

Research has consistently shown that parental warmth and emotional support lead to higher self-esteem in children. Children who feel loved and cherished by their parents are more likely to have positive self-regard and confidence in their abilities.

Question 20

Baumrind proposed the following three styles of child rearing:

Accepted Answer

Baumrind proposed the styles of child rearing as permissive, authoritarian, and authoritative. This framework has been widely used and researched, and is considered the most influential way of understanding parenting styles. Permissive parents are indulgent, lenient, and do not enforce rules; authoritarian parents are strict, controlling, and use punishment as a means of discipline; authoritative parents are firm but loving, set clear expectations and limits, and encourage independence and communication. These styles have been linked to various outcomes in children, such as academic achievement, behavioral problems, and self-esteem.

Quiz 13: The Ecology of Development: the Child Within the Family System