Question 1

The process of activating knowledge or goals, of making them ready for use, is known as

Accepted Answer

The process of activating knowledge or goals, of making them ready for use, is known as priming. Choices B and D refer to different concepts, while self-regulation involves controlling one's behavior and making decisions based on one's goals and values.

Question 2

In the tryouts for the football team, Gary finishes 31^stout of 150 people who tried out. The top 30 finishers made the team, so Gary feels that he just missed the cut. He's extremely disappointed, even more disappointed than his friend who finished 125^th. Most likely, Gary feels worse than his friend because of

Accepted Answer

Counterfactual thinking involves imagining alternative scenarios and outcomes that could have happened, which can lead to feelings of regret or disappointment when one narrowly misses a goal, as Gary did.

Question 3

Watching people's facial expressions and looking at people's behavior are both

Accepted Answer

Both watching people's facial expressions and looking at people's behavior are indirect methods of measuring emotion, as they give clues about how someone is feeling without directly asking them. They are not methods of self-perception, as they involve observing others, not oneself. They are also not ways of measuring self-esteem, as self-esteem refers to someone's overall evaluation of themselves, while facial expressions and behavior are more specific indicators of someone's mood or emotion. Finally, while these methods may not provide a completely accurate or comprehensive measurement of someone's mood, they can still be effective in providing insight into how someone is feeling.

Question 4

Kelley (1950) found that students who expected a warm substitute teacher formed a favorable impression of him, whereas students who expected a cold substitute teacher formed a negative impression of him, even though the lecture was the same for both groups. What was the reason given for this result?

Accepted Answer

Kelley's study suggests that students formed their impression of the substitute teacher based on their expectations or priming, rather than the actual behaviors of the teacher. This is supported by the fact that the lecture was the same for both groups, yet their impressions differed. Therefore, choice C, which states that students were primed with different expectations, is the best answer. The other choices are not supported by the study.

Question 5

Fredrickson and colleagues (2003) investigated how Americans coped with the shock of September 11, 2001. They found that the more resilient Americans

Accepted Answer

Fredrickson and colleagues found that the more resilient Americans experienced as many negative emotions as less resilient Americans, but also experienced positive emotions like hope and pride.

Question 6

Which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

In strong situations, social norms and expectations are clear, leading people to express similar feelings regardless of cultural differences.

Question 7

Because they have contact with law-breakers on a daily basis, many policemen have a representation of law-breakers constantly activated in their minds. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

Chronic accessibility refers to information that is frequently activated and therefore readily available in one's mind. In this case, the constant contact with law-breakers creates a chronic accessibility of the representation of them in the minds of many policemen. This does not necessarily mean that they are negatively stereotyping all law-breakers (choice B) or relying on exemplar mapping (choice A), but rather that they may have a heightened awareness and sensitivity to criminal behavior due to their profession. Sensory memory (choice C) refers to brief storage of sensory information and is not relevant to this scenario.

Question 8

Rashad misses a meeting with his professor and feels very guilty. He misses a meeting he had with a car salesman and doesn't give it a second thought. Why did Rashad feel differently about two equivalent actions?

Accepted Answer

Rashad's appraisal of the action was different in the two situations. He may have placed a higher value on his relationship with his professor and felt more accountable to them than to the car salesman. Additionally, he may have felt that missing a meeting with his professor could have more serious consequences than missing a meeting with a car salesman.

Question 9

Which of the following is true of emotions?

Accepted Answer

Emotions serve as an alert system to notify us when something isn't right or normal. They help us to adjust our behavior, thoughts, and actions according to the situation to avoid any harm or danger.

Question 10

Which of the following examples best illustrates the influence of culture on feelings?

Accepted Answer

This example shows how cultural differences can influence the expression of emotions. The fact that Utku Eskimos rarely express anger while members of a Bedouin tribe frequently do suggests that culture plays a role in shaping emotional expression. The other options either do not directly address the influence of culture on feelings or are too broad to provide a clear example.

Question 11

Our views and beliefs about ourselves make up our

Accepted Answer

Our self-concept refers to the beliefs and views we have about ourselves, including our qualities, characteristics, and abilities. Reflected appraisal refers to how others view us and how that may affect our self-concept. Exemplary self refers to the idealized version of ourselves that we strive to be. Self-esteem, while related to our self-concept, specifically refers to the value we place on ourselves and our abilities. Therefore, the best choice is B, self-concept, as it encompasses all aspects of our beliefs and views about ourselves.

Question 12

Maria believes that most politicians are dishonest. This belief is part of Maria's__________________________________politicians.

Accepted Answer

A schema is a mental framework or organization of information that helps individuals make sense of complex information. Maria's belief that most politicians are dishonest forms a part of her preconceived notion or framework about politicians, which is her schema for politicians.

Question 13

Social psychologists use all of the following methods to measure emotions EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

Rorschach ink blot tests are not a reliable method for measuring emotions in social psychology. They are not scientifically validated and have limited practical use in research.

Question 14

How do social psychologists differentiate emotions from attitudes?

Accepted Answer

Social psychologists differentiate emotions from attitudes by emphasizing that emotions possess a physiological arousal component, while attitudes do not necessarily have a physiological component. Additionally, emotions are usually more brief and specific to an event or situation, while attitudes are generally more enduring and specific to an object or issue.

Question 15

The textbook describes the classic pen-holding experiment by Strack, Martin, and Stepper (1988). What did the results of that study suggest?

Accepted Answer

The results of the pen-holding experiment suggest that the movement of facial muscles can influence one's emotions. Participants who held a pen with their teeth, which forced them to mimic a smiling expression, rated cartoons as funnier than participants who held the pen with their lips, which forced them to mimic a frowning expression. This supports the theory known as the facial feedback hypothesis, which suggests that facial expressions can influence emotional experiences.

Question 16

The fact that people from many different cultures agree on which facial expressions reflect particular emotions is evidence that

Accepted Answer

The agreement across different cultures on which facial expressions reflect particular emotions suggests a universal aspect to these expressions, implying a genetic or innate component rather than them being entirely learned or culturally derived.

Question 17

Feelings that are less focused and longer lasting than emotions, and which color all our experiences are known as

Accepted Answer

Moods are less focused and can last longer than emotions, and they have a pervasive effect on our experiences. Attitudes and beliefs are related to our thoughts and opinions, while physiological responses are physical reactions in our bodies.

Question 18

__________________________________is the state of being easily activated, or primed, for use.

Accepted Answer

Chronic accessibility refers to the state of being easily activated or primed for use, often as a result of repeated exposure or prior experience. This concept is frequently used in the study of implicit biases and how they impact our perceptions and behaviors.

Question 19

Sitting in her social psychology class, Ingrid thinks a lot about how she can make herself more attractive to other people. At the dinner table, Ingrid thinks a lot about how she needs to get a better paying job. The different thoughts that came to mind in the in class and at home are the result of

Accepted Answer

The different thoughts that came to mind for Ingrid in class and at home are examples of situational priming, where the environment or situation she is in (social psychology class vs. dinner table at home) triggers certain thoughts or memories, influencing her behavior or thought process in that moment.

Question 20

Which of the following is an example of an attitude?

Accepted Answer

Preference for one brand of car over another is an expression of attitude. Option A is a belief or opinion, option B is a behavior, and option C is a request or action.

Quiz 2: The Person and the Situation