Question 1

The evolutionary principle that the gender that contributes more resources to the upbringing and care of offspring will be more careful in selecting a mate is known as

Accepted Answer

The principle described is known as differential parental investment, which refers to the unequal investment of time and resources that female and male individuals make in their offspring due to differences in reproductive physiology. This leads to a difference in mating strategies and preferences, which is the basis of sexual selection. Resource allocation refers to the amount of resources invested in different aspects of an individual's life, and biparental care refers to the phenomenon where both parents contribute to the care and upbringing of offspring.

Question 2

The findings that males commit the vast majority of same-sex homicides across cultures and across different time periods supports predictions made by the

Accepted Answer

The sexual selection explanation of aggression suggests that males are more likely to engage in aggressive behaviors, including same-sex homicides, due to evolutionary pressures related to competition for mates. This perspective is supported by the consistent pattern of male-dominated aggression across cultures and time periods.

Question 3

The sex that is more selective in choosing mates tends also to

Accepted Answer

When one sex, usually females, is more selective in choosing mates, it means that they are looking for specific, desirable traits in potential partners. This often leads to the selection of mates who possess traits that would increase the chances of survival and success of the offspring they produce. As a result, the sex that is more selective tends to invest more heavily in the offspring, such as taking on a larger role in parenting or providing more resources to ensure the survival of offspring.

Question 4

Why are men much more likely than women to engage in violent confrontations as a result of trivial altercations?

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that males are more concerned with their dominance status than females, and may engage in violent confrontations in order to assert their dominance over others. This may be related to evolutionary factors, as males have historically competed with other males for resources and mates. However, it is important to note that not all men engage in violent behavior, and factors such as cultural norms and individual differences can also impact this behavior. Option A is incorrect because women are capable of violence, but social norms may discourage them from doing so. Option B is incorrect because women do compete with other women for mates and other resources. Option C is not supported by research, as both men and women are able to control their aggressive impulses.

Question 5

Studies on aggressiveness and self-esteem suggest that

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that people with high self-esteem who feel that others don't give them the respect they deserve are more likely to display aggressive behavior. This is because they feel a need to defend their self-perceived value and maintain their status. On the other hand, people with low self-esteem may sometimes display aggression, but it is often a result of feelings of inadequacy and not necessarily a desire to assert dominance.

Question 6

Dr. Jones wants to increase aggressive tendencies in her experimental participants. Which of the following substances could she use to increase aggressive tendencies?

Accepted Answer

Testosterone is often associated with increased aggressive behavior in both males and females. Studies have shown a correlation between higher levels of testosterone and aggressive tendencies. Progesterone and oxytocin have calming effects and are unlikely to increase aggression. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter associated with motivation and reward, not necessarily aggression.

Question 7

In the study by Dabbs and Morris (1990), what was the explanation for why higher testosterone was linked to aggression only among men of low socioeconomic status?

Accepted Answer

Men with low socioeconomic status do not have non-violent ways to achieve status, which explains why higher testosterone was linked to aggression only among this group, according to the study by Dabbs and Morris (1990).

Question 8

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding differences in violence between the North and South?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following statements is TRUE...

Question 9

A tendency to notice threats and to interpret other people's behavior as intended to one harm is called

Accepted Answer

The description best fits a defensive attributional style, which is the tendency to interpret ambiguous actions of others as hostile or malicious. This can result in attributing negative motives to others' behavior and feeling threatened by them.

Question 10

Which of the following statements about status-linked aggressiveness, testosterone, and male competition for mates is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that men who are more committed to their partners actually have lower testosterone levels, rather than higher.

Question 11

The Cohen et al. (1996) study in which participants were insulted by an individual working at a filing cabinet revealed that

Accepted Answer

The answer of The Cohen et al. (1996) study in...

Question 12

The theory that those who reside in the southern and western United States are socialized into a set of societal norms whose central idea is that people should be ready to defend their reputation with violent retaliation is called

Accepted Answer

The theory that people in the southern and western United States are socialized into a culture of honor where defending one's reputation with violence is valued is known as the culture of honor hypothesis. This theory suggests that this culture of honor is rooted in the historical and cultural traditions of those regions, particularly with regards to agriculture and ranching, where a person's ability to protect their property and reputation was seen as vital for survival.

Question 13

Results from both animal and human research indicated similar effects of high testosterone levels. Based on these findings, hens given testosterone should tend to

Accepted Answer

Both animal and human research showed that high levels of testosterone increase aggression, dominance, and mating behaviors. Roosters are known to crow frequently and exhibit dominant behaviors, so it is likely that hens given testosterone would act more like roosters, including crowing more and gaining social status. The other options (A, C, D) are not supported by the research and are unlikely outcomes of testosterone in hens.

Question 14

Among the pipefish seahorse, the male carries the young and invests many more resources in their care than does the female, who invests almost nothing. According to differential parental investment theory, which of the following is probably also true of the pipefish seahorse?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Among the pipefish seahorse, the male carries...

Question 15

Four men are insulted by someone. Consistent with the culture of honor hypothesis, which of the men would you suspect is most likely to respond to the insult with violent retaliation?

Accepted Answer

According to the culture of honor hypothesis, individuals from southern United States (such as Atlanta, Georgia) are more likely to respond to insults with violent retaliation. Therefore, Bob who was raised in Atlanta, Georgia is most likely to respond to the insult with violent retaliation.

Question 16

Exposure to violent video games

Accepted Answer

Exposure to violent video games has been found to increase aggressive behavior, reduce normal physiological arousal to real violence, and desensitize viewers to other people's suffering. It is therefore likely that all of the above effects can happen as a result of exposure to violent video games.

Question 17

Research on the relationship between viewing violent pornography and violent behavior has shown that pornography

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that there may be a relationship between viewing violent pornography and violent behavior, but it is not clear that one causes the other. However, there is cause for concern and more research is needed to fully understand the impact of pornography on behavior.

Question 18

In the study of moviegoers by Black and Bevan (1992), those who chose to watch an aggressive film

Accepted Answer

The study found that those who chose to watch an aggressive film were more aggressive people to begin with.

Question 19

According to the theory of_________________, characteristics that assist animals in attracting mates or competing for mates with those of their own sex are favored and passed on to offspring.

Accepted Answer

Sexual selection is the theory that explains how certain traits that aid in reproduction are passed on to offspring. These traits may not necessarily help with survival, but they can help with attracting a mate or competing for a mate. This can lead to the evolution of exaggerated traits such as bright feathers, large antlers, or elaborate courtship displays.

Question 20

Which of the following is FALSE regarding the connection between testosterone and aggression?

Accepted Answer

Studies have found no significant relationship between testosterone and aggression in children.

Quiz 10: Aggression