Question 1

Sixty-eight-year-old twins Mary and Tina are trying to solve a crossword puzzle by working together.This is an example of

Accepted Answer

Collaborative cognition refers to the process of two or more individuals working together to solve a problem or complete a task, as in the case of Mary and Tina solving a crossword puzzle together. Metacognition refers to the awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes and strategies, while mnemonics are memory aids used to improve recall. External strategies refer to tools or resources used to support cognitive processes, such as a calculator or notes.

Question 2

Jessica has forgotten a few appointments.However she doesn't think it is her fault.Instead she blames her secretary for forgetting to mark her calendar and remind her.According to Brandtstädter,Jessica is said to be engaging in

Accepted Answer

Immunizing mechanisms are the ways in which individuals protect their self-esteem and maintain their sense of control by attributing external factors to their failures rather than accepting personal responsibility. In this scenario, Jessica is attributing blame to her secretary rather than accepting that she may have forgotten the appointments herself, indicating her engagement in immunizing mechanisms. Options B, C, and D do not accurately describe Jessica's behavior in this situation.

Question 3

The way people create initial impressions is called____________________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The way people create initial impressions is...

Question 4

The most appropriate conclusion to draw from research on personal control is

Accepted Answer

Research on personal control has shown that it is multidimensional and complex, with various factors influencing its development and manifestation. Factors such as age, social support, and coping strategies can all play a role in how much personal control a person feels they have in different situations. Therefore, it is not accurate to draw conclusions about personal control being universally increasing or decreasing with age or highly stable across domains.

Question 5

____________________.is when we draw on experience to tell us how to behave.

Accepted Answer

The answer of ____________________.is when we draw on experience to...

Question 6

When a person ignores evidence of declines or blames it on something else he or she is said to be engaging in ______________________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of When a person ignores evidence of declines...

Question 7

The theory of personal control developed by Heckhausen and Schulz proposes that as people get older,they are more likely to exert control in their lives by using

Accepted Answer

Heckhausen and Schulz's theory suggests that older adults are more likely to use secondary control strategies, which involve adjusting their goals and expectations to align with their changing circumstances, rather than trying to change the environment itself.

Question 8

A 35-year-old man loses his job and is now actively searching for a new job.According to Heckhausen and Schulz this is an example of

Accepted Answer

Primary control refers to efforts to change the external world to fit one's needs and desires, such as actively searching for a new job.

Question 9

An 82-year-old women decides she is not able to drive on the interstate any more so she decides this is not necessary because she can get to most locations by driving on streets.According to Heckhausen and Schulz this is an example of

Accepted Answer

This is an example of secondary control, where the individual adapts to the situation by changing themselves rather than the environment. The woman cannot change the fact that she cannot drive on the interstate, but she can change her behavior by driving on streets instead. Primary control involves changing the environment to fit the individual's needs, while possible selves and problem-focused coping mechanisms do not apply to this situation.

Question 10

In the theory of personal control developed by Heckhausen and Schulz,changing one's goals is referred to as

Accepted Answer

Changing one's goals is referred to as secondary control in the theory of personal control developed by Heckhausen and Schulz. Secondary control involves changing oneself to fit the situation, rather than changing the situation to fit oneself, as in primary control. Possible selves refer to the different versions of the self that individuals imagine for themselves in the future, while problem-focused coping mechanisms are strategies for directly addressing a stressful situation rather than managing one's emotional reaction to it.

Question 11

The results of Dixon and Gould (1998)on married couples and collaborative cognition illustrates

Accepted Answer

The study found that there was no significant difference in the collaborative cognition performance between older and younger married couples, indicating that older couples perform as well as younger couples. Therefore, the answer is option C.

Question 12

When older adults do not correct their initial impression because negative information is more striking and affects them more strongly,they are exhibiting a____________________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of When older adults do not correct their...

Question 13

In the theory of personal control developed by Heckhausen and Schulz,changing the environment to achieve one's goals is referred to as

Accepted Answer

Primary control refers to people's efforts to change the environment to suit their goals and needs, such as seeking out new opportunities or actively trying to solve problems. This is in contrast to secondary control, which involves adapting one's goals or attitudes to fit the environment, such as accepting what cannot be changed or finding new meaning in a difficult situation. Possible selves are a concept related to motivation and identity, while problem-focused coping mechanisms involve actively dealing with stressors rather than avoiding them.

Question 14

Dixon and colleagues found that when older adults worked together to recall a story

Accepted Answer

The passage states that "their performance was better than as individuals working alone." This indicates that working together improved their recall of the story, rather than confusing each other or having selective memory.

Question 15

In the theory of personal control developed by Heckhausen and Schulz,control is viewed as

Accepted Answer

According to Heckhausen and Schulz, control is viewed as a motivational system that regulates human behavior, emphasizing the importance of individuals' beliefs about their ability to influence their environment and achieve desired outcomes.

Question 16

The results of Adams and colleagues on adults storytelling illustrate the importance of

Accepted Answer

Adams and colleagues' findings emphasize the significance of social context while examining age-related performance.

Question 17

Older adults are more likely to change their initial impressions when____________________information follows initially____________________information.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Older adults are more likely to change...

Question 18

What control strategies are related to preserving a positive perspective as we age?

Accepted Answer

All of these control strategies are related to preserving a positive perspective as we age. Minimizing involves avoiding or downplaying potential negative experiences. Accommodations involve adapting to changes in physical or cognitive abilities. Assimilative activities involve focusing on positive experiences and building new skills or hobbies. All of these strategies can contribute to maintaining a positive outlook on life as we age.

Question 19

When older adults were asked to learn a story so they could retell it later to a group of young children,their stories

Accepted Answer

Older adults, when asked to learn a story for the purpose of retelling it to young children, often adapt their storytelling to be more engaging and accessible for their audience. This adaptation can lead to stories that are more detailed, as they might include simpler language, more vivid descriptions, or additional elements to ensure the story is understood and enjoyed by children. This effort to make the story more relatable and engaging for a younger audience can result in a narrative that is richer in details compared to versions told by younger adults who might not feel the need to make such adjustments.

Question 20

When two or more people work together to solve a problem or task,they are engaging in

Accepted Answer

Collaborative cognition refers to the process of working together to solve a problem or task, utilizing the strengths and knowledge of each person involved. Primary control focuses on individual strategies for coping with stress or challenges, metacognition is the ability to think about one's own thinking, and problem-focused coping is an individual strategy for addressing a specific problem or issue.

Quiz 8: Social Cognition