Question 1

Which of the following is true regarding a drug's generic name?

Accepted Answer

A drug's generic name is a shortened version of its chemical name, which is the official name for the drug as it is registered by the International Nonproprietary Names (INN) system. The generic name is used to identify the drug's active ingredient and is often less expensive than brand name drugs. While the generic name may be known by some people, it is not necessarily the name most people would recognize, and it may not be the most useful name for chemists, who may prefer to use the drug's chemical structure or formula.

Question 2

How long does the post-marketing testing of a new drug take?

Accepted Answer

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Question 3

A drug's name indicates the drug's structural formula.

Accepted Answer

A drug's chemical name is derived from its chemical structure, which indicates the arrangement of atoms in the molecule. This name is often complex and not easily recognizable to the general public.

Question 4

The elderly are more sensitive to drug effects because their enzyme systems may be impaired, resulting in increased duration of drug action.

Accepted Answer

As people age, their liver and kidney functions may decline, leading to decreased metabolism and elimination of drugs. This can result in increased drug levels in the body and an increased risk of adverse effects. Therefore, the elderly are more sensitive to drug effects.

Question 5

How long does the first step in new drug development--initial synthesis and preclinical trials--typically take?

Accepted Answer

Initial synthesis and preclinical trials typically take 1-3 years, as this step involves synthesizing and testing the drug in animal models to assess safety and efficacy before moving on to clinical trials in humans. The other options listed are too short (A and B) or too long (D) for this step in drug development.

Question 6

What is the first stage in the FDA's guidelines for the testing and marketing of a drug?

Accepted Answer

The first stage in the FDA's guidelines for the testing and marketing of a drug is the belief that a particular compound has clinical value. This belief may be based on pre-clinical research or early-stage clinical trials. Animal trials (A), experimental studies with healthy volunteers (B), and experimental studies with clinical patients (C) come later in the drug development process.

Question 7

Acute tolerance to alcohol is more likely to produce impairment in the speed in which we perform cognitive tasks than in the accuracy of performance.

Accepted Answer

Acute tolerance to alcohol refers to the ability of the body to quickly adapt to the effects of alcohol after repeated use. Research suggests that acute tolerance can affect cognitive processing speed, leading to slower performance on tasks involving reaction time and decision making. However, it is less likely to affect the accuracy of performance on these tasks.

Question 8

Which of the following is true of generic drugs?

Accepted Answer

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Question 9

Research subjects who drank in the company of others were more likely to report about physical changes related to drinking than were subjects who drank alone.

Accepted Answer

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Question 10

"Downregulation" refers to a process where repeated exposure to a drug increases the number of receptor sites on neurons that the drug activates.

Accepted Answer

Downregulation actually refers to the opposite process - a decrease in the number of receptor sites on neurons in response to chronic or repeated exposure to a drug. This is thought to contribute to the development of tolerance and dependence.

Question 11

Research has indicated that men and women who have developed substance use disorders may be distinguished from people who did not on the basis of personality characteristics predating the substance abuse.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that individuals with substance use disorders tend to have certain personality traits, such as impulsivity, sensation-seeking, and neuroticism, prior to the onset of substance abuse. These traits may increase the risk of developing a substance use disorder.

Question 12

Marijuana is a drug whose pharmacological effects far outweigh the influence of expectancies.

Accepted Answer

While people's expectations and beliefs about marijuana use can certainly impact their experience with the drug, its pharmacological effects (i.e. the way it interacts with the body and brain) also play a significant role in its effects. Therefore, both factors contribute to the overall experience of using marijuana.

Question 13

According to the Stress Response Dampening model, individuals who have had a stressful drug or alcohol experience are less likely to abuse drugs or alcohol.

Accepted Answer

The Stress Response Dampening model suggests that individuals may use drugs or alcohol to reduce stress, implying that those experiencing stress might be more likely to abuse substances as a coping mechanism, rather than being deterred by stressful experiences with these substances.

Question 14

What can be concluded from the results of the 1993 Concorde study?

Accepted Answer

The 1993 Concorde study did not suggest that the clinical trials process in drug testing should be reduced, nor did it suggest that the clinical trials process is only necessary for certain drugs. The study did highlight the importance of rigorous clinical trials in drug testing, as it found that the use of the drug was not effective in prolonging the lives of HIV-positive patients, despite promising earlier results. Therefore, the best conclusion is that the clinical trials process will continue to take a substantial period of time.

Question 15

is an example of a drug that was approved too early, before potential side effects could adequately be explored.

Accepted Answer

Thalidomide was approved in the 1950s as a sedative and treatment for morning sickness in pregnant women. However, it was later found to cause severe birth defects and was pulled from the market. The approval of thalidomide before proper testing and understanding of potential side effects led to devastating consequences.

Question 16

Expectancy effects are most prominent with behaviors or emotions that society proscribes from free expression.

Accepted Answer

Expectancy effects refer to the phenomenon where an individual's behavior is influenced by the expectations of others. This effect is most prominent in situations where certain behaviors or emotions are socially prohibited, which means that people may alter their behavior due to the expectation of social disapproval or punishment. Therefore, expectancy effects are most significant with behaviors or emotions that society proscribes from free expression.

Question 17

Tolerance may develop to some effects of a drug, but not to others.

Accepted Answer

Tolerance refers to the decreased responsiveness to a drug due to repeated exposure. It is possible for tolerance to develop to some effects of a drug, such as sedation, but not to others, such as analgesia or respiratory depression. This is because different effects of a drug may involve different pathways or receptors in the body, and the development of tolerance may vary across these pathways.

Question 18

As of 2007, generic drugs account for of the prescription drugs that are dispensed in the U.S.

Accepted Answer

As of 2007, generic drugs accounted for approximately 60% of the prescription drugs dispensed in the U.S. This reflects the growing trend of using generic medications due to their cost-effectiveness compared to brand-name drugs.

Question 19

Because a heavier person has more blood and other body fluids than a lighter person, the same drug dose has more of an effect on the heavier person.

Accepted Answer

A heavier person generally has a larger volume of distribution for drugs, which means a given dose may actually have less of an effect on them compared to a lighter person, as the drug is distributed across a larger volume of body fluids and tissues.

Question 20

Subjects in Phase 1 of clinical trials on humans during new drug development typically include .

Accepted Answer

Phase 1 clinical trials typically involve a small number of healthy volunteers (up to 50) to evaluate the safety and dosage of the drug.

Quiz 5: Psychopharmacology and New Drug Development