Which of the following are defenses used in Section 1983 cases?

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The qualified immunity defense and the probable cause defense are both commonly used in Section 1983 cases. Reasonable suspicion is a lower standard than probable cause and typically applies in stop and frisk situations, while probable cause is required for arrests and searches. Qualified immunity is a defense for government officials that shields them from liability if their actions did not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional rights that a reasonable person would know about. The probable cause defense is often used in cases involving false arrests or malicious prosecution, where the defendant argues they had valid grounds to make an arrest or initiate a criminal case.

Which of the Following Are Defenses Used in Section 1983