Max Weber was the first to posit a direct relationship between the rise of capitalism in the West and Calvinism and Divine Providence.

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Weber's book "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism" presents his argument that Calvinism, with its emphasis on predestination and the belief in a calling or vocation, fostered a mentality of hard work, discipline, and saving, which in turn helped to create the conditions for the emergence of modern capitalism in the West. He saw this as an example of how religion could have a significant impact on social and economic development.

Max Weber Was the First to Posit a Direct Relationship