Question 1

Describe Vygotsky's beliefs about learning, especially with respect to the zone of proximal development.

Accepted Answer

Vygotsky believed that 1) education occurs everywhere and often and that 2) every experience, from birth onward, teaches individuals something. Vygotsky believed that 3) peers, family members, and teachers use guided participation and scaffolding to provide the bridge between a child's developmental potential and needed skills in the zone of proximal development. 4) Peers, family members, and teachers can all provide the necessary instruction in the zone of proximal development.

Question 2

A body of knowledge in a particular area that makes it easier to master new information in that area is referred to as a knowledge _____.

Accepted Answer

base

Question 3

In the United States, there are four types of educational environments for children: public schools, charter schools, private schools, and home schooling. Define each of these alternatives and identify which type of school the majority of children in the United States attend.

Accepted Answer

A public school is one that is free to all children because it is funded by taxpayers; it must educate all students. A charter school is a public school with its own set of standards that is funded and licensed by the state or local district in which it is located; it has control over admissions and expulsions. A private school is one funded by tuition, endowments, and often religious or other nonprofit sponsors. Home schooling is education in which children are taught at home, usually by a parent. The majority of children in the United States attend public schools.

Question 4

Explain what is meant by metacognition. Then describe how 9-year-old Bolgen can use metacognition to help him prepare for a spelling test. Bolgen gets 10 spelling words on Monday and is tested on Friday.

Accepted Answer

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Question 5

Identify the three ways in which children from low-SES families differ in language compared to children from high-SES families. Then identify and explain the most important factor proven to affect language learning.

Accepted Answer

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Question 6

Kirby is sorting through his mother's cup of change. As he makes piles of pennies, nickels, and dimes, he utilizes the cognitive skill called _____.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Kirby is sorting through his mother's cup...

Question 7

Using concepts from the information-processing view of learning, list and explain the three major steps in the memory process.

Accepted Answer

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Question 8

Explain how the information-processing approach compares human information processing to that of a computer.

Accepted Answer

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Question 9

The capacity of a person's _____ memory is huge.

Accepted Answer

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Question 10

Explain what Piaget meant by concrete operational thought.

Accepted Answer

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Question 11

Vygotsky regarded _____ as crucial in human cognitive development.

Accepted Answer

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Question 12

Piaget's concrete operational thought is characterized by concepts that enable children to use _____ regarding tangible things.

Accepted Answer

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Question 13

The two crucial components of long-term memory are storage and _____.

Accepted Answer

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Question 14

The cognition of middle childhood that was described by Piaget as the ability to reason logically about tangible things is called _____ operational thought.

Accepted Answer

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Question 15

Explain the process of switching codes in speech. Identify the two codes and offer a real-life example of each, including the circumstances under which each code typically would be used.

Accepted Answer

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Question 16

Define classification and seriation and provide an example of each.

Accepted Answer

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Question 17

The cognitive theory that most closely approximates the operation of a computer is _____ theory.

Accepted Answer

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Question 18

When Sharona recalls plans that she has made for this weekend, she retrieves them from her long-term memory and brings them into her _____ memory.

Accepted Answer

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Question 19

Briefly describe the immersion and bilingual schooling approaches to teaching a second language in the United States.

Accepted Answer

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Question 20

Current, conscious mental activity occurs in _____ memory.

Accepted Answer

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Quiz 12: Middle Childhood: Cognitive Development