Question 1

Spontaneous recovery is associated with _______.
A) higher-order conditioning
B) latent inhibition
C) extinction
D) preconditioning

Accepted Answer

Spontaneous recovery is the reappearance of a conditioned response after a period of rest following extinction. It is a natural process that occurs even after extinction has occurred.

Question 2

Pavlov won the Nobel Prize for his research on conditioning.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Pavlov won the Nobel Prize for his...

Question 3

The first conditioning trials are typically _____ (more/less) effective than later trials.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The first conditioning trials are typically _____...

Question 4

Pavlov's work paved the way for Darwin's theory of evolution.

Accepted Answer

Pavlov's work focused on the study of behaviorism and conditioning in dogs, while Darwin's theory of evolution focused on the origin and diversification of species. The two areas of study are not directly related.

Question 5

One way to test for the effects of conditioning is to use test trials.

Accepted Answer

Test trials are a common method used to assess the effects of conditioning. In these trials, the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus, and the response of the participant is measured. This can help determine if the conditioning has been successful in eliciting a conditioned response.

Question 6

In ____________ conditioning, the CS and US occur at the same time.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In ____________ conditioning, the CS and US...

Question 7

If two stimuli are paired and then one becomes a CS, the other will become a CS more rapidly than it
otherwise would have, a phenomenon called sensory ________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of If two stimuli are paired and then...

Question 8

If a CS is presented several times alone, and is then repeatedly paired with a US, conditioning
proceeds more rapidly than if the CS had never been presented alone.

Accepted Answer

This phenomenon is known as latent inhibition. When a conditioned stimulus (CS) is presented alone several times before being paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US), the conditioning process actually proceeds more slowly compared to if the CS had not been presented alone. This is because the subject learns that the CS is irrelevant or non-threatening when it is presented alone, making it harder to associate it with the US later on.

Question 9

In _______ conditioning the CS and US overlap.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In _______ conditioning the CS and US...

Question 10

A CS that consists of two or more stimuli is called a _________ stimulus.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A CS that consists of two or...

Question 11

The equation, ΔVn = c (λ- Vn -1), is associated with the _______________ of Pavlovian conditioning.
A) Rescorla-Wagner model
B) preparatory response theory
C) stimulus substitution theory
D) valence theory

Accepted Answer

The equation ΔVn = c (λ- Vn -1) is the formula for the Rescorla-Wagner model, which describes how associative learning occurs in Pavlovian conditioning. The model proposes that the strength of a conditioned response is determined by its associative value or expectation, which is influenced by the salience of the conditioned stimulus and the intensity of the unconditioned stimulus. The equation shows how much learning (ΔVn) occurs on any given trial, based on the difference between the maximum associative value (λ) and the current associative value (Vn-1), multiplied by a learning rate constant (c).

Question 12

Explain why Pavlov became interested in psychic reflexes.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain why Pavlov became interested in psychic...

Question 13

According to the Rescorla-Wagner model, blocking occurs because when the second (blocked) CS is
presented, most of the learning that can occur has already been "used up" by the first CS.

Accepted Answer

The Rescorla-Wagner model proposes that the amount of learning that can occur with a particular CS depends on the strength of the prediction error that the CS generates, and this prediction error is shared between all cues present during that time. Therefore, when a second (blocked) CS is presented together with a first (previously reinforced) CS, most of the available prediction error has already been "used up" by the first CS, leading to a weaker learning signal for the second cue. This is the mechanism that underlies the phenomenon of blocking.

Question 14

A key feature of Pavlovian conditioning is that the CS and US appear together regardless of what the
animal or person does.

Accepted Answer

Pavlovian conditioning involves the pairing of the conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US) regardless of the response or behavior of the animal or person being conditioned. This is one of the defining features of Pavlovian conditioning.

Question 15

The procedure of pairing a neutral stimulus with a well-established CS is called higher-order
conditioning.

Accepted Answer

The procedure described is indeed higher-order conditioning, so the answer is true, or A.

Question 16

Generally, the _____ (more/less) intense a stimulus, the faster conditioning occurs.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Generally, the _____ (more/less) intense a stimulus,...

Question 17

Each pairing of a CS and US is one _______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Each pairing of a CS and US...

Question 18

Conditional reflexes are so named because they ____________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Conditional reflexes are so named because they...

Question 19

Each time a buzzer sounds, a puff of air makes a rabbit blink. Soon the rabbit blinks when it hears the buzzer. George believes that this means the buzzer takes the place of the air puff. George is an
Advocate of ________.
A) stimulus substitution theory
B) exchange theory
C) preparatory response theory
D) stimulus-response theory

Accepted Answer

George's belief that the buzzer takes the place of the air puff indicates that he is an advocate of stimulus substitution theory. This theory suggests that a new stimulus can elicit the same response as the original stimulus by becoming associated with it through classical conditioning. In this case, the rabbit blinks in response to the buzzer because it has become associated with the air puff, which originally caused the blinking response.

Question 20

The Rescorla-Wagner model has been very influential, but it does not explain tent inhibition. 
Completion

Accepted Answer

The Rescorla-Wagner model does not explain tent inhibition because it assumes that the associative strength between a CS and a US is determined solely by the contiguity and contingency between the two stimuli. However, tent inhibition suggests that the associative strength between a CS and a US can also be affected by the presence of other CSs that are paired with the same US.

Quiz 3: Pavlovian Procedures

Spontaneous recovery is associated with _______.

Pavlov won the Nobel Prize for his research on conditioning.

The first conditioning trials are typically _____ (more/less) effective than later trials.

Pavlov's work paved the way for Darwin's theory of evolution.

One way to test for the effects of conditioning is to use test trials.

In ____________ conditioning, the CS and US occur at the same time.

If two stimuli are paired and then one becomes a CS, the other will become a CS more rapidly than it otherwise would have, a phenomenon called sensory ________.

If a CS is presented several times alone, and is then repeatedly paired with a US, conditioning proceeds more rapidly than if the CS had never been presented alone.

In _______ conditioning the CS and US overlap.

A CS that consists of two or more stimuli is called a _________ stimulus.

The equation, ΔVn = c (λ- Vn -1) , is associated with the _______________ of Pavlovian conditioning.

Explain why Pavlov became interested in psychic reflexes.

According to the Rescorla-Wagner model, blocking occurs because when the second (blocked) CS is presented, most of the learning that can occur has already been "used up" by the first CS.

A key feature of Pavlovian conditioning is that the CS and US appear together regardless of what the animal or person does.

The procedure of pairing a neutral stimulus with a well-established CS is called higher-order conditioning.

Generally, the _____ (more/less) intense a stimulus, the faster conditioning occurs.

Each pairing of a CS and US is one _______.

Conditional reflexes are so named because they ____________.

Each time a buzzer sounds, a puff of air makes a rabbit blink. Soon the rabbit blinks when it hears the buzzer. George believes that this means the buzzer takes the place of the air puff. George is an Advocate of ________.

The Rescorla-Wagner model has been very influential, but it does not explain tent inhibition. Completion