Question 1

Each of the following is a general principle of developmental psychopathology EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

The statement that disability does not change year by year is not a general principle of developmental psychopathology. The other three choices are general principles: abnormality is normal, life may be better or worse in adulthood, and diagnosis and treatment reflect the social context.

Question 2

All of the following have been identified as problems with diagnosis of and treatment for ADHD EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

All of the other options have been identified as problems with the diagnosis and treatment of ADHD, but option D suggests that there is helpful treatment available for children with ADHD who are difficult to parent or teach. While there may be controversies around the use of medication and the risk of misdiagnosis, it is generally agreed upon that effective treatment for ADHD is important.

Question 3

A cause can have many final manifestations.This is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

Multifinality refers to the concept that a single cause or factor can result in multiple outcomes or final manifestations. For example, a child who experiences early life stress may develop anxiety, depression, or behavioral problems. Therefore, multifinality emphasizes the need for comprehensive and individualized assessment and treatment, rather than assuming a single cause or diagnosis.

Question 4

Over the past few decades,the rates of ADHD have _____ in the United States.

Accepted Answer

The rates of ADHD have increased in the United States over the past few decades. This can be seen in various studies and reports, including data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the National Survey of Children's Health.

Question 5

The use of medication to treat ADHD (and many other disorders)in children:

Accepted Answer

The use of medication to treat ADHD in children is controversial, as some experts argue that it is over-prescribed and that there are long-term risks associated with the use of these drugs. It is important for parents to discuss the risks and benefits with their child's healthcare provider and make an informed decision about treatment.

Question 6

Erik is excitable,impulsive,and very energetic.He also has great difficulty concentrating.He MOST likely has:

Accepted Answer

Erik displays classic symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), including impulsivity, excessive energy, and difficulty concentrating. Mental retardation and childhood schizophrenia would manifest in more complex symptoms, and a sensory deficit would be less likely to affect behavior in this way.

Question 7

The field that uses insights into typical development to understand and remediate developmental disorders is developmental:

Accepted Answer

Developmental psychopathology is the field that focuses on understanding and treating developmental disorders by using insights into typical development. It integrates knowledge from various disciplines, including psychology, to understand the variations and abnormalities in development.

Question 8

The presence of two or more unrelated disease conditions at the same time in the same person is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

Comorbidity refers to the presence of two or more unrelated disease conditions in the same person. Psychopathology refers to the study of mental disorders, multifinality refers to the concept that a single cause can lead to multiple outcomes, and equifinality refers to the idea that multiple causes can lead to the same outcome. None of these fully capture the definition of comorbidity.

Question 9

Jared has struggled with reading throughout his school experience and has fallen far behind his peers.Based on this,his teacher recommends that Jared be evaluated for:

Accepted Answer

Jared's struggle with reading and falling far behind his peers suggest the possibility of a specific learning disorder, such as dyslexia. A thorough evaluation can help determine if this is the case and provide appropriate support for Jared. ADHD, autism spectrum disorder, and bipolar disorder may also affect academic performance, but based on the information given, a specific learning disorder is the most likely explanation.

Question 10

In the United States,more than _____ children and adolescents under the age of 18 take prescription drugs to regulate their emotions and behavior.

Accepted Answer

More than 2 million children and adolescents under the age of 18 in the United States take prescription drugs to regulate their emotions and behavior. This reflects the widespread use of medication to address mental health issues among young people.

Question 11

According to the DSM-5,in order for ADHD to be diagnosed,:

Accepted Answer

According to the DSM-5, several symptoms of ADHD must have been present before age 12 in order for a diagnosis to be made.

Question 12

Seven-year-old Chris has been diagnosed with both ADHD and bipolar disorder.Which term applies to Chris having both conditions?

Accepted Answer

Comorbidity refers to the presence of two or more coexisting medical conditions in an individual. Therefore, comorbidity is the best term to apply to Chris having both ADHD and bipolar disorder.

Question 13

Often a symptom can have multiple causes.This is known as:

Accepted Answer

Equifinality refers to the principle that a single symptom or disorder may have multiple causes.

Question 14

James was diagnosed with ADHD at an early age.Throughout school he had extreme academic difficulties,though he excelled at art.When he graduated from high school he started a career as an artist and quickly began to sell his work and achieved critical acclaim.As an adult he was experiencing life success even though he still had symptoms of ADHD.Which of the four general principles of developmental psychopathology does this example BEST illustrate?

Accepted Answer

This example best illustrates the principle that life may be better or worse in adulthood, as James was able to achieve life success despite his ongoing symptoms of ADHD.

Question 15

A marked delay in a particular area of learning that is NOT caused by an apparent physical disability,by intellectual disability,or by an unusually stressful home environment is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

A marked delay in a particular area of learning that is not caused by a physical or intellectual disability, or by a stressful home environment, is typically diagnosed as a specific learning disorder. ADHD, autism spectrum disorder, and bipolar disorder may have some overlapping symptoms or co-morbidities with specific learning disorders, but they are distinct diagnoses.

Question 16

Karla experienced neglect as an infant while her mother suffered from severe depression.The outcome on Karla's development could manifest itself in many different ways.This reflects the developmental principle of:

Accepted Answer

The principle of multifinality acknowledges that similar early experiences can result in a variety of outcomes or paths for development. This means that Karla's neglect as an infant could lead to a range of possible outcomes, which may depend on other factors in her life. For example, she may develop depression and struggle with relationships, or she may develop resilience and coping strategies that allow her to thrive in adulthood.

Question 17

The most commonly diagnosed learning disorder is:

Accepted Answer

Dyslexia is the most commonly diagnosed learning disorder, affecting between 5-10% of the population. It is characterized by difficulty in reading, spelling, and writing, despite normal intelligence and adequate education.

Question 18

Ten-year-old Kevin frequently cannot sit still and is constantly fidgeting.Kevin may be diagnosed with:

Accepted Answer

The symptoms described are characteristic of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which is marked by hyperactivity, impulsivity, and difficulty paying attention. The other options are not likely based on the given information.

Question 19

Lee runs around the classroom,can't seem to sit still or concentrate,and is easily excited.With which disorder might Lee be diagnosed?

Accepted Answer

Lee's behavior suggests symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).

Question 20

Carl's aggressive behavior could be due to genetic inheritance,exposure to violent media,or living in a violent neighborhood.This reflects the developmental principle of:

Accepted Answer

The developmental principle of equifinality suggests that there are multiple pathways or factors that can lead to a particular outcome. In this case, Carl's aggressive behavior may be influenced by genetic inheritance, exposure to violent media, or living in a violent neighborhood, all of which are different contributing factors that could lead to the same outcome. Therefore, the best choice is D - equifinality.

Quiz 7: Middle Childhood: Body and Mind