Question 1

Avia,age 4,visited the city zoo,pointed to a zebra,and exclaimed,"Look at the horse with stripes!" In describing the zebra,Avia used:

Accepted Answer

Avia used logical extension by applying a known word ("horse") to a new, similar object (a zebra) based on shared characteristics (appearance). This is a common way children learn and categorize new information.

Question 2

The structures,rules,and techniques used to communicate meaning in language are called:

Accepted Answer

Grammar is the study of the rules and principles governing the use of language, including its morphology, syntax, and semantics. It encompasses the structures, rules, and techniques used to communicate meaning in language. Inflections are a specific aspect of grammar that deal with changes in word endings to indicate tense, case, or gender. Logical extensions and theory-theory are not related to language communication or grammar.

Question 3

Dexter,age 4,speaks differently to his baby sister than to his teacher.This indicates that he understands some of the practical uses of language.Dexter is developing an understanding of:

Accepted Answer

Dexter's ability to adjust his language according to the situation and person he is speaking to shows an understanding of pragmatics, which refers to the practical use of language in different social situations. Code-switching refers to the ability to switch between languages, which is not demonstrated in this scenario. Social gestures refer to nonverbal communication and are not directly related to Dexter's use of language. Grammar refers to the rules of language structure and while important, is not directly related to Dexter's ability to adjust his language use.

Question 4

What was Maria Montessori's objective when she created her preschool?

Accepted Answer

Maria Montessori's objective when she created her preschool was individual achievement, focusing on the development of each child's unique potential and abilities.

Question 5

For an English-speaking child,which word pair is especially difficult to understand?

Accepted Answer

The concept of "here" and "there" involves an understanding of spatial relationships and perspective, which can be more abstract and challenging for young children to grasp compared to understanding relationships or ownership denoted by the other pairs.

Question 6

Sunnymont Preschool has plenty of opportunities for the children to play dress-up,dance,build with blocks,finger-paint,and be creative.Sunnymont is MOST likely a _____ program.

Accepted Answer

The emphasis on play-based activities and creativity suggests that the program is child-centered, which prioritizes allowing children to explore and learn on their own terms. A Vygotsky-based program would focus more on learning through social interaction and scaffolding, while a teacher-directed program would involve a more structured and adult-led approach. The fact that the program is not described as bilingual further supports the conclusion that its primary focus is on child-centered learning, rather than language acquisition.

Question 7

Jobe told his grandma,"I catched two mouses in a trap." Jobe's speech errors are an example of:

Accepted Answer

The incorrect use of "catched" instead of "caught" is an example of overregularization, which is a common speech error among young children as they apply grammatical rules in a rigid and consistent manner.

Question 8

Learning Circle Preschool emphasizes individual pride and achievement while focusing on teaching young children literacy-related tasks.Learning Circle's approach seems to MOST closely resemble a(n)_____ program.

Accepted Answer

Learning Circle Preschool's emphasis on individual pride and achievement, as well as their focus on teaching literacy-related tasks, aligns with the Montessori approach. Montessori education prioritizes individualized learning and hands-on, self-directed activities to promote children's development and independence.

Question 9

Janet is reading a storybook aloud to her 2-year-old daughter,Abigail.Abigail's father says,"Why are you bothering? It's not like she's going to learn to read from that." What would you tell Abigail's father about reading to preschoolers?

Accepted Answer

Research shows that reading aloud to preschoolers has a positive impact on their literacy development. Children whose parents read to them as preschoolers tend to have better reading skills in elementary school. Reading aloud to young children also promotes language development, improves listening skills, and fosters a love of books and learning. So, Abigail's father is wrong to think that reading to her is pointless.

Question 10

Language shift occurs when _____ leads children to conclude that their first language is inferior to another one.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Language shift occurs when _____ leads children...

Question 11

When shown a novel object and told that it is called a "wug," preschoolers know that two of those objects would be two "wugs." This ability to correctly add an -s when pluralizing is evidence of their proper use of:

Accepted Answer

The answer of When shown a novel object and told...

Question 12

Demetrius's family recently immigrated to the United States from the Ukraine.After he attended kindergarten,his parents noticed that his English was more fluent than his native language.Demetrius was exhibiting:

Accepted Answer

Demetrius is exhibiting a language shift, meaning he is transitioning from his native language to English as his dominant language. This is common in immigrant families and often occurs in the second generation.

Question 13

Overregularization in a child's speech patterns indicates that:

Accepted Answer

Overregularization occurs when a child applies grammatical rules to words that do not follow the rules, such as saying "goed" instead of "went." This indicates that the child is learning and applying grammatical rules to their speech.

Question 14

Which strategy predicts reading achievement in children from all income levels,languages,and ethnicities?

Accepted Answer

Code-focused teaching strategies, which emphasize the understanding of the alphabetic principle and phonemic awareness, have been shown to predict reading achievement across diverse groups of children, regardless of their income levels, languages, and ethnic backgrounds. This approach lays the foundation for reading by teaching children the relationship between letters and sounds, enabling them to decode words.

Question 15

Knowledge of _____ is essential for learning how to speak,read,and write.

Accepted Answer

Knowledge of grammar is essential for learning how to speak, read, and write. It is the system of rules for a language, including the structure of sentences, the use of words and phrases, and the conventions of pronunciation and orthography. Grammar provides a framework for understanding and communicating effectively in a language.

Question 16

The bilingual brain may provide some resistance to:

Accepted Answer

Bilingualism has been shown to delay the onset and progression of neurocognitive disorders like Alzheimer's disease. However, it has not been found to provide resistance against learning disabilities, autism spectrum disorders, depression or anxiety.

Question 17

Overregularization occurs because children:

Accepted Answer

Overregularization occurs when children apply the grammatical rules they already know to irregular words that do not follow those rules. This suggests that children assume their language always follows the rules they already know, making choice D the best answer.

Question 18

In terms of early childhood learning,research has found that if the home educational quality is poor,then:

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that if the home educational quality is poor, then attending a quality preschool is especially beneficial for children. A quality preschool can provide an enriching and supportive environment that can counterbalance any shortcomings in the home environment.

Question 19

Child-centered programs are often influenced by the theories of _____ and _____.

Accepted Answer

Piaget's theory of cognitive development and Vygotsky's sociocultural theory both place an emphasis on the child's active role in their own development and learning. Child-centered programs aim to support and enhance this active role by providing opportunities for children to explore and learn through play and social interactions. Therefore, the theories of Piaget and Vygotsky are commonly used as the theoretical basis for child-centered programs.

Question 20

Knowing which words,tones,and grammatical forms to use with whom is called:

Accepted Answer

Pragmatics is the study of how context influences the interpretation of language and how speakers use language in different situations. It involves understanding which words, tones, and grammatical constructions are appropriate to use with certain people, in certain settings, and for certain purposes. Code-switching and imitative speech are related concepts but not the best choice for this definition. Grammar refers only to the rules and structure of language, not how it is used in specific situations.

Quiz 5: Early Childhood: Body and Mind