Question 1

When using an AB design in the clinical treatment of changing maladaptive behavior,the first step is to:

Accepted Answer

The first step in an AB design, which is a simple before-and-after comparison, is to obtain a baseline of behavior. This involves observing and recording the behavior as it naturally occurs before any intervention is applied, to understand the frequency, intensity, and circumstances of the maladaptive behavior.

Question 2

Of the following,which is the most likely potential threat to validity when using an alternating-treatments design?

Accepted Answer

Carryover effects are a potential threat to validity in alternating-treatments designs because the effects of one treatment can influence the outcomes of another treatment when they are alternated. This can make it difficult to determine which treatment is actually responsible for any observed changes.

Question 3

Which small-n design is most susceptible to confounding from the order of conditions?

Accepted Answer

The AB design is most susceptible to confounding from the order of conditions because it does not include any reversal or counterbalancing to control for order effects.

Question 4

Which small-n design is most susceptible to confounding from the order of conditions?

Accepted Answer

The AB design is most susceptible to confounding from the order of conditions because it does not include any reversal or counterbalancing to control for order effects.

Question 5

A small-n design with more than one independent variable is:

Accepted Answer

An alternating-treatment design allows for the comparison of the effects of more than one independent variable within the same study, making it possible to observe how different treatments influence the same participants.

Question 6

The ABA design:

Accepted Answer

The ABA design, also known as a reversal design, involves an initial phase (A), an intervention or treatment phase (B), and then a return to the initial phase (A) to assess changes in behavior or conditions.

Question 7

Which of the following is generally agreed to be a characteristic disadvantage of (or threat to validity in)a reversal design?

Accepted Answer

Carryover effects are a recognized disadvantage of reversal designs because effects of the initial treatment phase may persist into the subsequent no-treatment or alternative treatment phase, thereby threatening the internal validity of the study by making it difficult to determine the cause of observed changes.

Question 8

You are using an ABA (i.e.,reversal)design to evaluate whether or not a new miracle drug improves retention for psychological material.Four to six hours after introducing the drug treatment,performance returns to levels that were equivalent to those observed before the treatment.You are likely to conclude that:

Accepted Answer

The answer of You are using an ABA (i.e.,reversal)design to...

Question 9

Which of the following is the optimum small-n design?

Accepted Answer

The ABA design is considered optimal among small-n designs because it allows for the observation of behavior before the intervention (A), during the intervention (B), and then again after the withdrawal of the intervention (A). This design helps in determining the effectiveness of the intervention by comparing behaviors across these three phases.

Question 10

Most behavioral studies in cognitive psychology,which are usually characterized by having many randomized conditions,could easily be considered a form of ____ design.

Accepted Answer

Alternating treatments design is often used in behavioral studies in cognitive psychology, where multiple conditions are tested in a randomized order to compare the effects of different interventions or treatments. This design allows for the direct comparison of the effectiveness of different conditions or treatments on behavior.

Question 11

All of the following are characteristics of a functional analysis of behavior except:

Accepted Answer

Experimental manipulation of the independent variable is not a characteristic of a functional analysis of behavior. A functional analysis of behavior is a method of identifying the environmental factors that maintain a behavior. It involves specifying the behavior of interest, determining the baseline occurrence of the behavior, and identifying the outcome of the behavior.

Question 12

Use with permanent carryover effects:

Accepted Answer

Multiple baseline design is used to demonstrate the effect of an intervention across different subjects, settings, or behaviors, and is suitable for situations where permanent carryover effects are a concern.

Question 13

Which of the following types of research would most likely rely on a small-n design?

Accepted Answer

Small-n designs are often used in clinical behavior modification research because they focus on detailed, in-depth analysis of interventions on a small number of subjects, allowing for the observation of specific behavioral changes over time.

Question 14

Use when there should not be any carryover effects,but you want to rule out potential confounds:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Use when there should not be any...

Question 15

Which of the following is most clearly an asset of an alternating treatments design?

Accepted Answer

Alternating treatments design allows for the comparison of different interventions or treatments by rapidly alternating them, which provides multiple samples of behavior under each condition.

Question 16

Which of the following is a characteristic of an alternating treatments design?

Accepted Answer

Alternating treatments design provides multiple samples of a given behavior by rapidly alternating between two or more treatments to compare their effects on the same subject.

Question 17

A primary source of confounding in an AB design comes from:

Accepted Answer

In an AB design, the primary source of confounding is the order of conditions, as changes in the dependent variable could be due to the sequence rather than the treatment itself.

Question 18

In an ABA design,we can conclude that it was the treatment variable that affected the change during phase B if:

Accepted Answer

In an ABA design, the treatment's effectiveness is indicated if the behavior returns to baseline levels (phase A) after the treatment is withdrawn (phase B), demonstrating that the change in behavior was due to the treatment.

Question 19

Which of the following is most like an alternating treatments design?

Accepted Answer

An alternating treatments design involves comparing the effects of different conditions or treatments in a random or counterbalanced order to determine their effectiveness. Option B, which involves randomly presenting ten auditory conditions to collect perceptual judgments, most closely aligns with this approach by varying conditions in a manner that allows for direct comparison of their effects.

Question 20

A student officer in a campus organization adopted an ABA design to test whether rewarding club members with beer and chips will encourage them to increase their attendance.Assume that "A" in the design represented no reward,and "B" represented provision of beer and chips.What should the student conclude if attendance improved following "B",but returned to its original level at the end of the experiment?

Accepted Answer

The improvement in attendance during phase "B" when rewards were given, followed by a return to original attendance levels when the rewards were removed in the subsequent "A" phase, indicates that the reward (beer and chips) had an effect on behavior.

Quiz 11: Small-N Experimentation

When using an AB design in the clinical treatment of changing maladaptive behavior,the first step is to:

Of the following,which is the most likely potential threat to validity when using an alternating-treatments design?

Which small-n design is most susceptible to confounding from the order of conditions?

Which small-n design is most susceptible to confounding from the order of conditions?

A small-n design with more than one independent variable is:

The ABA design:

Which of the following is generally agreed to be a characteristic disadvantage of (or threat to validity in) a reversal design?

Which of the following is the optimum small-n design?

Most behavioral studies in cognitive psychology,which are usually characterized by having many randomized conditions,could easily be considered a form of ____ design.

All of the following are characteristics of a functional analysis of behavior except:

Use with permanent carryover effects:

Which of the following types of research would most likely rely on a small-n design?

Use when there should not be any carryover effects,but you want to rule out potential confounds:

Which of the following is most clearly an asset of an alternating treatments design?

Which of the following is a characteristic of an alternating treatments design?

A primary source of confounding in an AB design comes from:

In an ABA design,we can conclude that it was the treatment variable that affected the change during phase B if:

Which of the following is most like an alternating treatments design?