Question 1

Japanese students in a change blindness study noticed more changes in background objects than American students did.

Accepted Answer

Japanese students tend to focus more on contextual and background information due to cultural differences in perception, while American students often focus on central objects.

Question 2

African children answer questions about pictures in ways that indicate a two-dimensional interpretation rather than a three-dimensional one.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that children from some African cultures may interpret images differently due to less exposure to Western-style pictorial conventions, which often emphasize three-dimensional perspectives.

Question 3

According to Gelman,the principle of counting in which the final count represents the total number of items in the set is the ______ principle.

Accepted Answer

The principle of counting where the final count represents the total number of items in the set is known as the cardinal principle. This principle emphasizes that the last number in a counting sequence indicates the quantity of the set.

Question 4

The abstraction of counting,according to Gelman,is ______.

Accepted Answer

According to Gelman, the abstraction principle of counting states that any set of physical or imagined items can be counted, emphasizing the flexibility and generality of counting beyond tangible objects.

Question 5

Based on Luria's (1976)studies of reasoning among farmer in Central Asia,which of the following appears to affect reasoning ability?

Accepted Answer

Luria's studies indicated that literacy, experience, and an ability to generalize all significantly affect reasoning ability. His research among farmers in Central Asia showed that these factors influenced how individuals processed information and solved problems.

Question 6

According to Bruner,our categorization methods start off ______ and later are ______.

Accepted Answer

Bruner proposed that our categorization methods start off as perceptual, based on physical and observable characteristics, and later become conceptual, relying on more abstract, ideational qualities.

Question 7

From Luria's studies of Asian farmers,the idea that "If I had firsthand knowledge of a black bear,I could answer a question about a black bear.However,I do not,so I cannot," represents the power of ______ in reasoning.

Accepted Answer

Luria's studies highlighted the importance of concrete, firsthand experience in the reasoning processes of the Asian farmers he studied. They often refused to make speculative statements about unfamiliar subjects, indicating a reliance on direct experience for knowledge and reasoning.

Question 8

A notable difference about schooling compared to other social environments which may explain its effects on cognitive processes is that ______.

Accepted Answer

Schooling is unique in that it involves a continuous interaction where a teacher asks questions that students are expected to answer, fostering an environment of active engagement and cognitive stimulation. This contrasts with other social environments where such direct and consistent cognitive engagement may not be as prevalent.

Question 9

Which of the following is true with respect to counting systems?

Accepted Answer

Each statement is true regarding counting systems. Cultures can indeed develop different counting systems, not all cultures necessarily have a counting system, and counting systems, being complex and varied, generally take time to learn.

Question 10

People raised in a carpentered environment are more susceptible to the horizontal-vertical illusion than people raised in non-carpentered environments.

Accepted Answer

The answer of People raised in a carpentered environment are...

Question 11

Of the following,what is one proposed mechanism for how literacy can change our cognitive processes?

Accepted Answer

Being able to read and write enables us to record and review information, enhancing our ability to remember and interact with that information over time. This process can fundamentally alter how we think and process the world around us.

Question 12

Cultural relativism assumes that cognitive processes operate similarly across all cultures.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Cultural relativism assumes that cognitive processes operate...

Question 13

Greenfield and colleague's (1968)study of Wolof children and adults showed that performance on a categorization task in which participants had to explain why two out of three objects were alike was ______.

Accepted Answer

Greenfield and colleague's study found that performance on the categorization task was affected by schooling, with differences observed based on the participants' educational background.

Question 14

What is a misconception about situated cognition?

Accepted Answer

Situated cognition is a theory that posits thinking is always connected to the context and situation in which it occurs. It is not geographically limited to any one country, such as the United States, making the idea that it only occurs outside of the United States a misconception. Choices B, C, and D accurately reflect aspects of situated cognition, emphasizing its context-dependent nature, its variability with daily needs and experiences, and its evolution with expertise.

Question 15

According to Vygotsky,culture can shape cognitive processes by ______.

Accepted Answer

Vygotsky emphasized that culture influences cognitive development by shaping the situations and experiences individuals encounter, which in turn can lead to the development of specific cognitive strategies.

Question 16

Regardless of approach,Scribner's (1984,1986)results on workers' handling of problems showed that workers ______.

Accepted Answer

Scribner's research highlighted how workers often aimed to solve problems efficiently, seeking solutions that required the least number of steps. This approach reflects a practical and pragmatic mindset, focusing on effectiveness and efficiency in problem-solving.

Question 17

Scribner's (1984,1986)studies on blue- and white-collar workers showed ______ could solve the problem.

Accepted Answer

Scribner's studies demonstrated that both blue- and white-collar workers were capable of solving the problem, highlighting the cognitive abilities across different types of workers.

Question 18

Collectivist cultures emphasize individual goals and independence from others.

Accepted Answer

Collectivist cultures emphasize group goals and interdependence among individuals, rather than individual goals and independence.

Question 19

Cole and Scribner (1974)found that the ability to make shifts in categorization strategies mostly depended on ______.

Accepted Answer

Cole and Scribner (1974) found that the ability to make shifts in categorization strategies was primarily dependent on schooling, highlighting the impact of formal education on cognitive processes.

Question 20

Participants from backgrounds without formal schooling tend to be ______ when asked to complete a syllogistic reasoning task.

Accepted Answer

Participants from backgrounds without formal schooling might not adhere strictly to the predefined logical structures or boundaries of a syllogistic reasoning task, instead using their own reasoning methods or drawing from personal experience.

Quiz 15: Cognition in Cross-Cultural Perspective