Question 1

Which of the following poses a problem for featural analysis theory?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following poses a problem...

Question 2

Prototype matching theory argues that percepts are compared to ______ in memory.

Accepted Answer

Prototype matching theory suggests that percepts are compared to idealized or average representations (prototypes) in memory, rather than to exact copies or specific features.

Question 3

The primal sketch in David Marr's theory allows viewers to _____.

Accepted Answer

The primal sketch in David Marr's theory is a concept that refers to an early stage in the visual processing system where the viewer detects edges, boundaries, and textures in the visual scene, which are crucial for distinguishing between different areas.

Question 4

According to the ______ model,the word superiority effect occurs because a letter presented in the context of a word activates not only the relevant node for the word,but also each of the letters within the word.

Accepted Answer

The word superiority effect is best explained by the connectionist model, which posits that cognitive processes operate through networks of interconnected nodes. In this context, seeing a letter within a word activates not only the node for the word itself but also nodes for each letter within the word, facilitating recognition.

Question 5

Posner and Keele's research on prototype formation suggests that _____.

Accepted Answer

Posner and Keele's research demonstrated that people are capable of forming prototypes—abstract representations of categories—rapidly and without explicit instruction, by abstracting common features from similar instances.

Question 6

Research on the categorical perception of speech sounds supports the ______ theory.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Research on the categorical perception of speech...

Question 7

In David Marr's model of vision,which stage of the process incorporates top-down knowledge?

Accepted Answer

The 3-D sketch stage in David Marr's model of vision incorporates top-down knowledge, integrating it with the visual information processed in the earlier stages to construct a three-dimensional interpretation of the scene.

Question 8

A letter is easier to perceive in the context of a word.Which of the following models explains that fact by arguing that activation of the relevant node for the word also activates the nodes corresponding to the letters within the word?

Accepted Answer

The connectionist model explains this phenomenon by suggesting that the activation of the node for the word spreads to the nodes for the individual letters, making them easier to perceive within the context of the word. This model emphasizes the importance of connections between nodes representing different levels of information, such as letters within words.

Question 9

______ are to visual perception what phonemes are to language,according to Biederman.

Accepted Answer

According to Biederman's theory of object recognition, geons are the basic building blocks of all objects and are analogous to phonemes in language. Just as phonemes are the smallest units of sound that can differentiate meaning in language, geons are the basic shapes and components that can be combined in various ways to form complex objects in visual perception.

Question 10

Participants in Gibson's perceptual learning experiments ______.

Accepted Answer

Gibson's perceptual learning experiments showed that participants improved in their ability to identify stimuli over time, indicating that they seemed to notice additional features with experience, which helped them in the task.

Question 11

When common objects such as kitchen utensils are presented in a jumbled display,_____.

Accepted Answer

People recognize common objects like kitchen utensils slower in a jumbled display than in a normal kitchen scene because the context in which objects are normally found plays a significant role in recognition speed. In a typical setting, the brain uses context clues to predict and identify objects more quickly.

Question 12

When scanning words to count the occurrences of the letter "H," in which word would you be most likely to MISS an occurrence of the letter?

Accepted Answer

The letter "H" is silent in the word "the."

Question 13

Neisser's research utilizing a visual search of the array below showed that ______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Neisser's research utilizing a visual search of...

Question 14

In David Marr's model of vision,which stage of the process incorporates primarily bottom-up knowledge?

Accepted Answer

The primal sketch and the 2 ½ D sketch are both bottom-up processes, meaning that they are driven by the input from the retina. The primal sketch extracts edges and other basic features from the image, while the 2 ½ D sketch adds depth information to the primal sketch.

Question 15

One model of perception emphasizes that a percept is compared to idealized representations in memory of every class of information,and matched to the one it most closely approximates.This model is known as ______.

Accepted Answer

Prototype matching involves comparing sensory input to idealized or average representations (prototypes) of various classes of objects or patterns in memory, which aligns with the description given.

Question 16

Expert wine tasters are able to identify not only a cabernet sauvignon,but also the actual year that it was bottled and the vineyard that produced it.This is a good example of ______.

Accepted Answer

Perceptual learning refers to the process by which the ability to interpret sensory information improves with experience. Expert wine tasters, through extensive experience and practice, have honed their sensory skills to the point where they can identify very specific characteristics of wines, such as the year of bottling and the vineyard of origin, based on taste and smell. This improvement in sensory interpretation is a classic example of perceptual learning.

Question 17

Gibson's theory of direct perception is in direct opposition to the ______ approach to perception.

Accepted Answer

Gibson's theory of direct perception, also known as ecological psychology, suggests that perception is a direct process that does not require intermediate processes or interpretations. This stands in contrast to the constructivist approach, which posits that perception is constructed by the brain through internal processes and is not directly derived from the environment.

Question 18

Imagine yourself in a perceptual experiment where you are shown four letters,and asked to report the letter that is underlined (only one letter per trial is underlined),given the two choices that follow it.Imagine each of the three stimuli (which would be presented one at a time). Trial I: screen 1: K E L P;screen 2: D or K
Trial II: screen 1: K;screen 2: D or K
Trial III: screen 1: K P L E;screen 2: D or K
What predictions would you make about the average participant's relative speed on these three trials?

Accepted Answer

Trial I should be the fastest because it has the most context to help the participant identify the underlined letter.

Question 19

Connectionist models assume all of the following EXCEPT ______.

Accepted Answer

Connectionist models, also known as neural network models, do not assume that features are more abstract than letters or words. Instead, these models often start with simple, low-level features that can combine to represent more complex information.

Question 20

Susan is presented with four different computer-generated syllables.The voice onset times for the initial consonants of these sounds are -.1 seconds,.01 seconds,.05 seconds,and .1 seconds.Susan actually "hears" ______ different consonant sounds.

Accepted Answer

Susan hears 2 different consonant sounds because voice onset times around 0 (such as -.1, .01, and .05 seconds) are typically perceived as the same consonant sound (voiced), while a significantly different time (like .1 seconds) is perceived as a different consonant sound (voiceless).

Quiz 3: Perception: Recognizing Patterns and Objects