Question 1

What is defined as a host-associated biofilm,as well as a dense,nonmineralized mass of bacterial colonies enclosed in a slime matrix and attached to a moist environment?

Accepted Answer

Bacterial plaque fits the definition provided, as it is a biofilm that forms on teeth (a host-associated environment), consisting of bacterial colonies within a protective slime layer.

Question 2

What is the first stage in oral biofilm formation?

Accepted Answer

The first stage in oral biofilm formation is initial adherence, where free-floating (planktonic) bacteria attach to the surface of the teeth.

Question 3

All of the following are characteristics of the ideal disclosing agent except which one?

Accepted Answer

The ideal disclosing agent is used to stain dental plaque to make it visible for educational purposes and to aid in its removal, not to act as an antibacterial agent. Its primary function is to reveal plaque, not to kill bacteria.

Question 4

All of the following tooth stains can be removed by scaling or selective polishing except which one?

Accepted Answer

Intrinsic tooth stains are located within the tooth structure, making them inaccessible to removal by scaling or selective polishing, which are surface-level treatments.

Question 5

Because disclosants can _____ clinical signs of disease,disclosing agents should be applied after the oral and periodontal assessment and after the client sees the oral findings in his or her own mouth.

Accepted Answer

Disclosing agents can camouflage clinical signs of disease, making it important to apply them after the oral and periodontal assessment so that the true condition of the mouth can be accurately assessed without interference.

Question 6

In advancing periodontal disease,subgingival oral biofilm is characterized by all of the following except which one?

Accepted Answer

In advancing periodontal disease, the subgingival oral biofilm is characterized by a shift towards gram-negative organisms and a predominance of specific bacteria such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Tannerella forsythensis, and Treponema denticola. Mutans streptococci are primarily associated with caries development rather than periodontal disease.

Question 7

All of the following are extrinsic tooth stains except which one?

Accepted Answer

Tetracycline stain is an example of an intrinsic tooth stain, which occurs when the tooth structure is incorporated with tetracycline during the development of the teeth, leading to a discoloration that is internal rather than on the surface.

Question 8

The slime layers that form to protect the biofilm community of microorganisms predominately contain which of the following?

Accepted Answer

The slime layers that form to protect the biofilm community of microorganisms predominantly contain lipopolysaccharides, which are large molecules consisting of a lipid and a polysaccharide composed of O-antigen, outer core and inner core joined by a covalent bond. They are found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, contributing to the structure of the bacteria and protecting the membrane from certain kinds of chemical attack. This structure is not made of cells like neutrophils, macrophages, or polymorphonuclear leukocytes, which are types of white blood cells involved in the immune response, not components of biofilm structure.

Question 9

What bacteria predominate in early bacterial plaque that is 1 to 2 days old?

Accepted Answer

Early bacterial plaque, which forms within 1 to 2 days, is predominantly composed of aerobic gram-positive cocci. These bacteria are the initial colonizers of the tooth surface.

Question 10

What percent of the population shows clinical evidence of some type of periodontal disease (including gingivitis)?

Accepted Answer

Studies and surveys globally suggest that a significant portion of the population, ranging from 50% to 90%, shows clinical evidence of some type of periodontal disease, including gingivitis, at various stages of life. This wide range reflects variations in population demographics, oral hygiene practices, and diagnostic criteria across different studies.

Question 11

All of the following statements about oral biofilm are false except which one?

Accepted Answer

Biofilm-associated bacteria are known to be more resistant to antibiotics and antimicrobial agents compared to their planktonic (free-floating) counterparts. This resistance is due to multiple factors, including the protective matrix that biofilms form, reduced growth rates of bacteria within biofilms, and the presence of persister cells.

Question 12

Which of the following bacteria primarily are associated with periodontal health?

Accepted Answer

Aerobic gram-positive rods and cocci are primarily associated with periodontal health, as they are commonly found in the oral microbiota of healthy individuals. Anaerobic bacteria, especially gram-negative rods and cocci, are more often associated with periodontal disease.

Question 13

What type of bacteria is associated primarily with advancing periodontal disease?

Accepted Answer

Anaerobic bacteria are primarily associated with advancing periodontal disease because they thrive in the low-oxygen environments found in deep periodontal pockets.

Question 14

The host's normal response to injury (inflammation)and to foreign bodies (the immune response)is activated in the presence of a microbial challenge.It is the effects of proinflammatory mediators produced during chronic inflammation and inability of the immune system to reach the site of injury or infection that cause the connective tissue and bone destruction in periodontal disease.

Accepted Answer

Both statements accurately describe the role of inflammation and immune response in periodontal disease, including the destructive outcomes of chronic inflammation and immune system limitations.

Question 15

What is the term for a loosely attached collection of oral debris,desquamated epithelial cells,leukocytes,salivary proteins and lipids,and bacteria that is seen as a whitish to yellowish to grayish mass on the teeth or overlying oral biofilm?

Accepted Answer

Materia alba is the correct term for the described loosely attached collection of oral debris, desquamated epithelial cells, leukocytes, salivary proteins and lipids, and bacteria. It is easily removable and differs from bacterial plaque, which is more firmly attached to the teeth.

Question 16

Oral hygiene assessment conducted by a dental hygienist includes observation and measurement of hard and soft deposits on the teeth using all of the following except which one?

Accepted Answer

Severity is not a direct measure used in oral hygiene assessments for observing and measuring hard and soft deposits on teeth. Instead, assessments focus on the location, degree (amount), and extent of these deposits.

Question 17

Middle-aged women with good oral hygiene are the most likely population to have which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Black-line stain is most commonly found in middle-aged women with good oral hygiene. It is characterized by a fine black or dark brown line on the teeth near the gingival margin and is not directly related to poor oral hygiene, unlike some other types of dental staining.

Question 18

All of the following may cause subgingival calculus to be dark in color (dark tan,brown,or black)except which one?

Accepted Answer

Subgingival calculus is dark in color mainly due to the type of bacteria it is made of, the absorption of blood products, and the influence of certain foods and drinks that can cause extrinsic tooth stain. Melanin pigmentation does not contribute to the color of subgingival calculus, as melanin is related to the coloration of skin and mucosa, not dental calculus.

Question 19

Bacterial species associated with dental-plaque-induced gingival disease include all of the following except which one?

Accepted Answer

Streptococcus mitis is primarily associated with the early stages of dental plaque formation and is not directly linked to the progression of dental-plaque-induced gingival disease, unlike the other bacteria listed which are more directly associated with periodontal diseases.

Question 20

All of the following factors support the daily growth and retention of oral biofilm except which one?

Accepted Answer

Frequent continued-care intervals, such as regular dental cleanings and check-ups, help in removing plaque and calculus, thereby reducing the growth and retention of oral biofilm. The other options (calculus, orthodontic bands, and mouth breathing) can contribute to the accumulation and retention of biofilm.

Quiz 15: Oral Hygiene Assessment: Soft and Hard Deposits