Question 1

The ability to hold information in short-term memory is limited by:

Accepted Answer

The ability to hold information in short-term memory (STM) is influenced by several factors, including the capacity of STM, what one can pay attention to, and how one encodes the information. Each of these aspects plays a crucial role in determining the effectiveness and limitations of short-term memory.

Question 2

When George Sperling (1960) used the partial report procedure, he found that participants could report _____ of the letters in the array.

Accepted Answer

Sperling's partial report procedure demonstrated that participants could recall about 75 percent of the letters in an array, indicating that a large portion of the information presented was briefly available in sensory memory before fading.

Question 3

The active maintenance and manipulation of short-term memory is known as:

Accepted Answer

Working memory refers to the system responsible for the temporary holding and manipulation of information, allowing for complex cognitive tasks such as learning, reasoning, and comprehension.

Question 4

Compared with long-term memory, short-term memory is:

Accepted Answer

Short-term memory is characterized by the rapid loss of information, unlike long-term memory, which can retain information for extended periods. Information in short-term memory is quickly forgotten unless it is actively maintained or encoded into long-term memory.

Question 5

Suppose one's roommate asks him to pick up five items at the grocery store, but he has no place to write the items down. He keeps repeating the items over and over in his mind until he can get a pencil and piece of paper to write them down. In this example, he would be relying primarily on his _____ memory.

Accepted Answer

This scenario describes the use of short-term memory, which is the capacity for holding a small amount of information in an active, readily available state for a short period of time. Repeating the items over and over is a strategy to keep them in short-term memory until they can be written down.

Question 6

Which memory system maintains information temporarily using active rehearsal?

Accepted Answer

Short-term memory maintains information temporarily through active rehearsal, allowing individuals to actively work with information for a brief period.

Question 7

In Baddeley's working memory model which system holds visual and spatial images for manipulation?

Accepted Answer

The visuospatial sketchpad is responsible for holding and manipulating visual and spatial information in Baddeley's working memory model.

Question 8

How many independent short-term memory buffers are included in Baddeley's working-memory model?

Accepted Answer

Baddeley's working-memory model includes two independent short-term memory buffers: the phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad, later expanded to include the episodic buffer.

Question 9

According to the findings of George Miller, the capacity of short-term memory is about _____ items.

Accepted Answer

George Miller's classic research concluded that the capacity of short-term memory is about seven items, plus or minus two.

Question 10

In Atkinson and Shiffrin's model of memory, information flows from:

Accepted Answer

Atkinson and Shiffrin's model, also known as the multi-store model of memory, describes the flow of information from sensory memory, to short-term memory, and finally to long-term memory.

Question 11

When short-term memory is used as a buffer for maintaining information briefly before it is manipulated, it is referred to as _____ memory.

Accepted Answer

Working memory is used as a buffer for maintaining information briefly before it is manipulated, acting as an essential part of processing and understanding information in real-time.

Question 12

Which memory system stores brief sensations of what one has just perceived?

Accepted Answer

Sensory memory is responsible for storing brief sensations of what one has just perceived, acting as a buffer for stimuli received through the senses.

Question 13

George Sperling's (1960) experiments on visual sensory memory demonstrated that:

Accepted Answer

George Sperling's experiments showed that people have a brief visual memory, known as iconic memory, which decays rapidly. This was demonstrated through the partial-report technique, where participants could recall any one of the rows of letters they saw in a flash of light, indicating the presence of a brief visual memory that fades quickly.

Question 14

Which type of memory is NOT considered to be a transient memory?

Accepted Answer

Long-term memory is not considered to be a transient memory because it is a permanent store of information that is not easily forgotten.

Question 15

In Baddeley's working-memory model which system maintains auditory memories through subvocal rehearsal?

Accepted Answer

The phonological loop is responsible for maintaining auditory memories through subvocal rehearsal in Baddeley's working-memory model.

Question 16

The initial temporary storage for information perceived by the visual system is known as _____ memory.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The initial temporary storage for information perceived...

Question 17

Permanent or near permanent storage of memory that last beyond a period of conscious attention is known as:

Accepted Answer

Long-term memory refers to the storage of information over an extended period, from hours to a lifetime, making it the correct choice for permanent or near-permanent memory storage.

Question 18

The manipulation and application of working memory for planning, task switching, attention, stimulus selection, and the inhibition of inappropriate reflexive behaviors is known as:

Accepted Answer

Cognitive control refers to the processes that allow for the manipulation and application of working memory in various cognitive tasks such as planning, task switching, attention, stimulus selection, and the inhibition of inappropriate reflexive behaviors. It is essential for goal-directed behavior and is not specifically related to the simple storage functions of sensory, iconic, or short-term memory.

Question 19

Where does information automatically and rapidly decay?

Accepted Answer

Information automatically and rapidly decays in sensory memory, which holds sensory information for a very short period of time, typically less than a second for vision (iconic memory) and a few seconds for hearing (echoic memory).

Question 20

In Baddeley's working-memory model which system monitors and manipulates the working-memory buffers?

Accepted Answer

The central executive is responsible for monitoring and manipulating the information held in the working-memory buffers, such as the visuospatial sketchpad and the phonological loop, coordinating these components and integrating information from them with long-term memory.

Quiz 9: Working Memory and Cognitive Control Integrative Topics Module