Question 1

Three of the ten glycolysis enzyme reactions are not simply reversed in gluconeogenesis and require different enzymes because

Accepted Answer

These three steps in glycolysis are highly exergonic, making them thermodynamically unfavorable to reverse, which is why different enzymes are needed in gluconeogenesis to bypass these steps.

Question 2

Isotopic labeling of a specific substrate carbon with ¹³C,which has an extra neutron,is particularly useful for investigating biochemical pathways because

Accepted Answer

The position of the labeled carbon can be traced through the products of the pathway, allowing researchers to characterize the pathway reactions by observing where the labeled carbon ends up in the metabolic products. This does not necessarily speed up the pathway, block the pathway, or cause neutron exchange with neighboring carbons, nor is it specifically easier to track than fluorescent labels in this context.

Question 3

Mammalian tumor cells that increase glycolysis even in the presence of oxygen increase expression of one isoform of the glycolytic enzyme ________,the first enzyme in the glycolytic pathway.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Mammalian tumor cells that increase glycolysis even...

Question 4

________ organisms can function in an aerobic or anaerobic environment.

Accepted Answer

The answer of ________ organisms can function in an aerobic...

Question 5

Oxidation is the removal of ________,which usually is accompanied by removal of protons in a process called ________ in biological systems.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Oxidation is the removal of ________,which usually...

Question 6

Glycolysis is a ________-step reaction sequence that converts glucose into ________ and generates a net total of ________ ATPs.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Glycolysis is a ________-step reaction sequence that...

Question 7

Galactosemia is a disease caused by a genetic defect that affects an individual's ability to correctly metabolize galactose for use in the glycolytic pathway,but has no effect on metabolism of starch and glycogen,or on glycolysis.Galactosemia results in high galactose levels in the blood and accumulation of galactose-1-phosphate in the tissues.
a)If you were a physician treating a person with this genetic disorder,in addition to galactose,what other dietary sugar would you recommend the patient not consume to avoid high galactose levels in the blood?
b)Why would infants be more likely than adults to have high blood galactose levels associated with galactosemia?
c)Suggest a reason for the observation that galactosemia is more common than fructosemia?
d)Propose possible candidates for the defective enzyme that causes galactosemia.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Galactosemia is a disease caused by a...

Question 8

Reduction is the addition of ________,which usually is accompanied by addition of protons in a process called ________ in biological systems.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Reduction is the addition of ________,which usually...

Question 9

The loss of a(n)________ increases entropy during hydrolysis of ATP.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The loss of a(n)________ increases entropy during...

Question 10

The coenzyme ________ donates ________ to ferment pyruvate into lactate or ethanol.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The coenzyme ________ donates ________ to ferment...

Question 11

________ is the most common coenzyme involved in energy metabolism.

Accepted Answer

The answer of ________ is the most common coenzyme involved...

Question 12

The ________ links lactate produced by fermentation in muscle cells with gluconeogenesis in liver cells.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The ________ links lactate produced by fermentation...

Question 13

Individuals with diabetes (diabetes mellitus),in which blood glucose levels can be toxically high,are often recommended to avoid consuming sucrose (table sugar).
a)Why is sucrose not recommended for diabetics?
b)Why would diabetics be urged to avoid foods that are high in starch?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Individuals with diabetes (diabetes mellitus),in which blood...

Question 14

When studying carbohydrate metabolism in a newly identified bacterial species,you find the bacteria grow exclusively on the carbohydrate sucrose.
a)Hypothesize whether the bacteria use glycolysis or a novel pathway for harnessing energy.
b)For what enzyme would you assay the bacteria to test your hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

The answer of When studying carbohydrate metabolism in a newly...

Question 15

Compare and contrast ethanol and lactic acid fermentation pathways.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Compare and contrast ethanol and lactic acid...

Question 16

________ stabilization lowers free energy,because extra electrons are delocalized over all possible bonds.

Accepted Answer

The answer of ________ stabilization lowers free energy,because extra electrons...

Question 17

The three reasons that phosphoanhydride bond hydrolysis is highly exergonic are: ________ between the bonded phosphate groups and increased ________ and ________ of both products of hydrolysis.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The three reasons that phosphoanhydride bond hydrolysis...

Question 18

________ is the enzyme that hydrolyzes ________ in dairy products into glucose and galactose.Absence of the enzyme may cause cramps and diarrhea in a condition called ________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of ________ is the enzyme that hydrolyzes ________...

Question 19

Human erythrocytes have no mitochondria.The rare inherited metabolic disorder that results from pyruvate kinase deficiency is particularly destructive to erythrocytes and causes hemolytic anemia.
a)Suggest a reason for increased erythrocyte death in the presence of pyruvate kinase deficiency.
b)Suggest a reason for the low incidence of mutations in human glycolytic enzymes.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Human erythrocytes have no mitochondria.The rare inherited...

Question 20

________ is the mechanism by which a phosphate is directly transferred to ADP to form ATP.

Accepted Answer

The answer of ________ is the mechanism by which a...

Quiz 9: Chemotrophic Energy Metabolism: Glycolysis and Fermentation

Three of the ten glycolysis enzyme reactions are not simply reversed in gluconeogenesis and require different enzymes because

Isotopic labeling of a specific substrate carbon with ¹³C,which has an extra neutron,is particularly useful for investigating biochemical pathways because

Mammalian tumor cells that increase glycolysis even in the presence of oxygen increase expression of one isoform of the glycolytic enzyme ________,the first enzyme in the glycolytic pathway.

________ organisms can function in an aerobic or anaerobic environment.

Oxidation is the removal of ,which usually is accompanied by removal of protons in a process called in biological systems.

Glycolysis is a -step reaction sequence that converts glucose into and generates a net total of ATPs.

Reduction is the addition of ,which usually is accompanied by addition of protons in a process called in biological systems.

The loss of a(n)________ increases entropy during hydrolysis of ATP.

The coenzyme donates to ferment pyruvate into lactate or ethanol.

________ is the most common coenzyme involved in energy metabolism.

The ________ links lactate produced by fermentation in muscle cells with gluconeogenesis in liver cells.

Individuals with diabetes (diabetes mellitus),in which blood glucose levels can be toxically high,are often recommended to avoid consuming sucrose (table sugar). a)Why is sucrose not recommended for diabetics? b)Why would diabetics be urged to avoid foods that are high in starch?

Compare and contrast ethanol and lactic acid fermentation pathways.

________ stabilization lowers free energy,because extra electrons are delocalized over all possible bonds.

The three reasons that phosphoanhydride bond hydrolysis is highly exergonic are: between the bonded phosphate groups and increased and of both products of hydrolysis.

is the enzyme that hydrolyzes in dairy products into glucose and galactose.Absence of the enzyme may cause cramps and diarrhea in a condition called .

________ is the mechanism by which a phosphate is directly transferred to ADP to form ATP.

Quiz 9: Chemotrophic Energy Metabolism: Glycolysis and Fermentation

Three of the ten glycolysis enzyme reactions are not simply reversed in gluconeogenesis and require different enzymes because

Isotopic labeling of a specific substrate carbon with 13C,which has an extra neutron,is particularly useful for investigating biochemical pathways because

Mammalian tumor cells that increase glycolysis even in the presence of oxygen increase expression of one isoform of the glycolytic enzyme ________,the first enzyme in the glycolytic pathway.

________ organisms can function in an aerobic or anaerobic environment.

Oxidation is the removal of ________,which usually is accompanied by removal of protons in a process called ________ in biological systems.

Glycolysis is a ________-step reaction sequence that converts glucose into ________ and generates a net total of ________ ATPs.

Reduction is the addition of ________,which usually is accompanied by addition of protons in a process called ________ in biological systems.

The loss of a(n)________ increases entropy during hydrolysis of ATP.

The coenzyme ________ donates ________ to ferment pyruvate into lactate or ethanol.

________ is the most common coenzyme involved in energy metabolism.

The ________ links lactate produced by fermentation in muscle cells with gluconeogenesis in liver cells.

Individuals with diabetes (diabetes mellitus),in which blood glucose levels can be toxically high,are often recommended to avoid consuming sucrose (table sugar). a)Why is sucrose not recommended for diabetics? b)Why would diabetics be urged to avoid foods that are high in starch?

Compare and contrast ethanol and lactic acid fermentation pathways.

________ stabilization lowers free energy,because extra electrons are delocalized over all possible bonds.

The three reasons that phosphoanhydride bond hydrolysis is highly exergonic are: ________ between the bonded phosphate groups and increased ________ and ________ of both products of hydrolysis.

________ is the enzyme that hydrolyzes ________ in dairy products into glucose and galactose.Absence of the enzyme may cause cramps and diarrhea in a condition called ________.

________ is the mechanism by which a phosphate is directly transferred to ADP to form ATP.

Isotopic labeling of a specific substrate carbon with ¹³C,which has an extra neutron,is particularly useful for investigating biochemical pathways because

Oxidation is the removal of ,which usually is accompanied by removal of protons in a process called in biological systems.

Glycolysis is a -step reaction sequence that converts glucose into and generates a net total of ATPs.

Reduction is the addition of ,which usually is accompanied by addition of protons in a process called in biological systems.

The coenzyme donates to ferment pyruvate into lactate or ethanol.

The three reasons that phosphoanhydride bond hydrolysis is highly exergonic are: between the bonded phosphate groups and increased and of both products of hydrolysis.

is the enzyme that hydrolyzes in dairy products into glucose and galactose.Absence of the enzyme may cause cramps and diarrhea in a condition called .