Question 1

Katrina is training her dog to sit whenever she points at him.She repeatedly points right before giving a verbal command.Her dog gradually learns to associate the pointing with the
Verbal command and will eventually sit when she points without the verbal command.This
Process of gradual learning is known as

Accepted Answer

Acquisition is the correct term for the process where an organism learns to associate a neutral stimulus (in this case, pointing) with an unconditioned stimulus (the verbal command) to elicit a conditioned response (sitting). This is a fundamental concept in classical conditioning.

Question 2

Kathy is classically conditioned to fear the toilet flushing while she is in the shower because the flush causes a surge of hot water.Kathy showers at her parent's house,someone flushes
The toilet,and she does not get burned.Still,when showering back at home,the toilet flushes
And Kathy immediately feels a surge of fear.This example best illustrates the fact that
Extinction

Accepted Answer

Extinction in classical conditioning refers to the process where the conditioned response (in this case, fear) decreases in strength after the conditioned stimulus (toilet flushing) is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus (hot water surge). However, this process does not completely erase the learned association, as evidenced by Kathy's continued fear response at her own home despite not experiencing the hot water surge at her parent's house. This demonstrates that while extinction reduces the strength of the conditioned response, it does not completely eliminate the learned association.

Question 3

Three-year-old Markus is startled by the booming sound of thunder he heard before a storm.According to the cognitive model of classical learning,Markus will pay close attention to his environment in an effort to try to

Accepted Answer

According to the cognitive model of classical conditioning, individuals learn to predict one stimulus based on the presence of another. In this case, Markus would pay attention to his environment to predict when the thunder (the loud noise) will happen again, associating certain environmental cues with the occurrence of thunder.

Question 4

Jack uses classical conditioning to teach his dog Luna to sit whenever Jack says "Sit." But now,anything that Jack says that is similar to "Sit" causes Luna to show the conditioned response of sitting.This is most likely the result of

Accepted Answer

Stimulus generalization occurs when a response is elicited by stimuli that are similar but not identical to the original conditioned stimulus. In this case, Luna is responding to words similar to "Sit" because she has generalized the conditioned response to similar stimuli.

Question 5

During the famous experiment with "Little Albert," Albert learned to fear rats when researchers used classical conditioning and presented a

Accepted Answer

In the Little Albert experiment, a loud sound (the unconditioned stimulus) was paired with the sight of a rat (the neutral stimulus) until the sight of the rat alone (now the conditioned stimulus) elicited fear (the conditioned response) in Albert.

Question 6

Pederson's teacher blows a whistle when it is time for his class to come in from recess. Pederson is afraid of being left on the playground alone,so he starts to go inside any time he
Hears a sound like the teacher's whistle,such as the school bell ringing.Pederson's behavior
Is an example of

Accepted Answer

Pederson's behavior is an example of stimulus generalization because he is responding to sounds that are similar to the teacher's whistle, not just the whistle itself. This means he has generalized the stimulus (the sound of the whistle) to include other similar sounds.

Question 7

Yamah was enjoying a latte while her favorite song was playing in the coffee shop.Later, she felt sick to her stomach and began to associate drinking the latte with feeling ill.She did
Not form an association with hearing the song and feeling ill because

Accepted Answer

Taste directly influences our eating behavior and how we associate food with feelings of illness, unlike sound, which doesn't have a direct impact on our eating habits or our physical response to food.

Question 8

A cat is classically conditioned to purr when it hears the refrigerator door open,because it contains the cat food.But the cat does not purr when it hears the pantry door open.The fact that the cat only purrs when the refrigerator door opens is most likely a result of

Accepted Answer

Stimulus discrimination occurs when an organism learns to respond differently to various stimuli that are similar. In this case, the cat has learned to distinguish between the sound of the refrigerator door, which is associated with food, and the pantry door, and only responds by purring to the former. This indicates that the cat can differentiate between the two stimuli and only reacts to the one that has been consistently associated with food.

Question 9

Dr.Shaw has a patient who has a phobia of spiders and also loves doing puzzles.Dr.Shaw exposes the patient to spiders briefly while having the patient complete a fun puzzle.Dr.Shaw
Is using ________ to treat his patient's phobia.

Accepted Answer

Dr. Shaw is using counterconditioning, which involves pairing the feared object (spiders) with a positive or enjoyable activity (doing puzzles) to reduce the phobic response.

Question 10

Humans tend to fear things that are potentially dangerous,rather than things that are not threatening.Psychologist Martin Seligman suggests this is because humans

Accepted Answer

Martin Seligman suggests that humans are genetically programmed to fear things that are potentially dangerous, a concept stemming from the idea of "preparedness" in evolutionary psychology. This suggests that certain fears are more easily acquired because they have been historically significant for survival.

Question 11

Ever since she saw a snake eat a mouse at the reptile exhibit at the zoo,Jin has been terrified of snakes.Now Jin's class has a pet snake and her teacher wants to help reduce Jin's fear.
The teacher begins by only uncovering the snake aquarium when Jin and her classmates are
Eating snack.This attempt at associating the snake with something positive is called

Accepted Answer

The teacher is using counterconditioning by associating the snake (a feared stimulus) with a positive experience (eating a snack) to help Jin reduce her fear. This technique involves replacing a negative response to a stimulus with a positive one.

Question 12

Vincent wants to use systematic desensitization to treat his patient's phobia of elevators. After the patient learns how to relax her muscles,Vincent's next step should be to

Accepted Answer

Systematic desensitization involves gradually exposing the patient to the feared object or situation while they are in a relaxed state. After learning relaxation techniques, the next step is typically to have the patient imagine the feared situation (in this case, an elevator) while practicing these relaxation exercises, before facing the real situation.

Question 13

Sunil wants to classically condition his dog to fear skunks so that he does not get sprayed again.This task should be much easier than teaching him to fear a house plant because a dog

Accepted Answer

Dogs are biologically predisposed to fear potentially harmful animals, making it easier to condition fear responses to them compared to neutral objects like house plants.

Question 14

In the cognitive model of classical conditioning,the strength of the association between the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus is determined by how ________ the
________ stimulus is.

Accepted Answer

The strength of the association in classical conditioning is determined by how surprising the unconditioned stimulus is. This is because a surprising unconditioned stimulus is more likely to require an adaptive response, making the association with the conditioned stimulus stronger.

Question 15

Rachel's dog loves meat and salivates when he sees it.Rachel repeatedly shows her dog a picture of a circle before showing him a piece of meat.Soon,the dog salivates at the picture
Of the circle.When Rachel shows her dog a picture of an oval,the dog does not salivate,
Which is best explained by

Accepted Answer

The dog's ability to distinguish between the circle (which has been associated with meat) and the oval (which has not) and only salivate to the circle is an example of stimulus discrimination. This means the dog has learned to respond differently to two stimuli based on their differences, indicating it can discriminate between the circle that predicts food and the oval that does not.

Question 16

Katie is afraid of clowns.She has been trying to overcome this fear by getting into a relaxed state and then looking at pictures of clowns.After months of this exposure,she is no longer
Afraid when she sees a clown.Katie has been using ________ to overcome her fear.

Accepted Answer

Katie has been using systematic desensitization, a technique where a person is gradually exposed to an anxiety-producing object or situation while being in a relaxed state, to overcome her fear of clowns. This method involves the gradual exposure to the fear-inducing stimulus (in this case, clowns) while employing relaxation techniques to reduce the fear response.

Question 17

Last year,Martina was in love with Robert,but they broke up a few months ago.Today in the mall,Martina smells someone wearing the same cologne that Robert always wore.She is immediately filled with positive feelings,which is most likely due to

Accepted Answer

The answer of Last year,Martina was in love with Robert,but...

Question 18

The gray wolves of the Northern Rocky Mountain region vomited after eating poisoned sheep meat.The wolves formed the association of feeling ill with preying on sheep.In this example,
Feeling ill is the

Accepted Answer

The answer of The gray wolves of the Northern Rocky...

Question 19

Susie wants to use operant conditioning to teach her cat to sit up for a treat.A psychologist who has conducted research that would be useful to her in this situation is

Accepted Answer

Edward Thorndike's law of effect, which is part of operant conditioning, suggests that behaviors followed by positive outcomes tend to be repeated. This principle would be directly applicable to Susie's goal of teaching her cat to sit up for a treat.

Question 20

Dante was recently bitten in the leg by a snake and now has learned to fear snakes.If his fear is out of proportion with the danger posed by snakes,then Dante has developed

Accepted Answer

Dante's exaggerated fear of snakes, despite the actual level of danger they pose, is indicative of a phobia. Phobias are characterized by intense, irrational fears of specific objects or situations that are out of proportion to the actual threat.

Quiz 6: Learning

Three-year-old Markus is startled by the booming sound of thunder he heard before a storm.According to the cognitive model of classical learning,Markus will pay close attention to his environment in an effort to try to

Jack uses classical conditioning to teach his dog Luna to sit whenever Jack says "Sit." But now,anything that Jack says that is similar to "Sit" causes Luna to show the conditioned response of sitting.This is most likely the result of

During the famous experiment with "Little Albert," Albert learned to fear rats when researchers used classical conditioning and presented a

Pederson's teacher blows a whistle when it is time for his class to come in from recess. Pederson is afraid of being left on the playground alone,so he starts to go inside any time he Hears a sound like the teacher's whistle,such as the school bell ringing.Pederson's behavior Is an example of

Yamah was enjoying a latte while her favorite song was playing in the coffee shop.Later, she felt sick to her stomach and began to associate drinking the latte with feeling ill.She did Not form an association with hearing the song and feeling ill because

A cat is classically conditioned to purr when it hears the refrigerator door open,because it contains the cat food.But the cat does not purr when it hears the pantry door open.The fact that the cat only purrs when the refrigerator door opens is most likely a result of

Dr.Shaw has a patient who has a phobia of spiders and also loves doing puzzles.Dr.Shaw exposes the patient to spiders briefly while having the patient complete a fun puzzle.Dr.Shaw Is using ________ to treat his patient's phobia.

Humans tend to fear things that are potentially dangerous,rather than things that are not threatening.Psychologist Martin Seligman suggests this is because humans

Vincent wants to use systematic desensitization to treat his patient's phobia of elevators. After the patient learns how to relax her muscles,Vincent's next step should be to

Sunil wants to classically condition his dog to fear skunks so that he does not get sprayed again.This task should be much easier than teaching him to fear a house plant because a dog

In the cognitive model of classical conditioning,the strength of the association between the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus is determined by how the stimulus is.

Rachel's dog loves meat and salivates when he sees it.Rachel repeatedly shows her dog a picture of a circle before showing him a piece of meat.Soon,the dog salivates at the picture Of the circle.When Rachel shows her dog a picture of an oval,the dog does not salivate, Which is best explained by

Katie is afraid of clowns.She has been trying to overcome this fear by getting into a relaxed state and then looking at pictures of clowns.After months of this exposure,she is no longer Afraid when she sees a clown.Katie has been using ________ to overcome her fear.

Last year,Martina was in love with Robert,but they broke up a few months ago.Today in the mall,Martina smells someone wearing the same cologne that Robert always wore.She is immediately filled with positive feelings,which is most likely due to

The gray wolves of the Northern Rocky Mountain region vomited after eating poisoned sheep meat.The wolves formed the association of feeling ill with preying on sheep.In this example, Feeling ill is the

Susie wants to use operant conditioning to teach her cat to sit up for a treat.A psychologist who has conducted research that would be useful to her in this situation is

Dante was recently bitten in the leg by a snake and now has learned to fear snakes.If his fear is out of proportion with the danger posed by snakes,then Dante has developed

Quiz 6: Learning

Three-year-old Markus is startled by the booming sound of thunder he heard before a storm.According to the cognitive model of classical learning,Markus will pay close attention to his environment in an effort to try to

Jack uses classical conditioning to teach his dog Luna to sit whenever Jack says "Sit." But now,anything that Jack says that is similar to "Sit" causes Luna to show the conditioned response of sitting.This is most likely the result of

During the famous experiment with "Little Albert," Albert learned to fear rats when researchers used classical conditioning and presented a

Pederson's teacher blows a whistle when it is time for his class to come in from recess. Pederson is afraid of being left on the playground alone,so he starts to go inside any time he Hears a sound like the teacher's whistle,such as the school bell ringing.Pederson's behavior Is an example of

Yamah was enjoying a latte while her favorite song was playing in the coffee shop.Later, she felt sick to her stomach and began to associate drinking the latte with feeling ill.She did Not form an association with hearing the song and feeling ill because

A cat is classically conditioned to purr when it hears the refrigerator door open,because it contains the cat food.But the cat does not purr when it hears the pantry door open.The fact that the cat only purrs when the refrigerator door opens is most likely a result of

Dr.Shaw has a patient who has a phobia of spiders and also loves doing puzzles.Dr.Shaw exposes the patient to spiders briefly while having the patient complete a fun puzzle.Dr.Shaw Is using ________ to treat his patient's phobia.

Humans tend to fear things that are potentially dangerous,rather than things that are not threatening.Psychologist Martin Seligman suggests this is because humans

Vincent wants to use systematic desensitization to treat his patient's phobia of elevators. After the patient learns how to relax her muscles,Vincent's next step should be to

Sunil wants to classically condition his dog to fear skunks so that he does not get sprayed again.This task should be much easier than teaching him to fear a house plant because a dog

In the cognitive model of classical conditioning,the strength of the association between the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus is determined by how ________ the ________ stimulus is.

Rachel's dog loves meat and salivates when he sees it.Rachel repeatedly shows her dog a picture of a circle before showing him a piece of meat.Soon,the dog salivates at the picture Of the circle.When Rachel shows her dog a picture of an oval,the dog does not salivate, Which is best explained by

Katie is afraid of clowns.She has been trying to overcome this fear by getting into a relaxed state and then looking at pictures of clowns.After months of this exposure,she is no longer Afraid when she sees a clown.Katie has been using ________ to overcome her fear.

Last year,Martina was in love with Robert,but they broke up a few months ago.Today in the mall,Martina smells someone wearing the same cologne that Robert always wore.She is immediately filled with positive feelings,which is most likely due to

The gray wolves of the Northern Rocky Mountain region vomited after eating poisoned sheep meat.The wolves formed the association of feeling ill with preying on sheep.In this example, Feeling ill is the

Susie wants to use operant conditioning to teach her cat to sit up for a treat.A psychologist who has conducted research that would be useful to her in this situation is

Dante was recently bitten in the leg by a snake and now has learned to fear snakes.If his fear is out of proportion with the danger posed by snakes,then Dante has developed

In the cognitive model of classical conditioning,the strength of the association between the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus is determined by how the stimulus is.