Question 1

Robert Woodworth and Edward Thorndike were students of ____.

Accepted Answer

Robert Woodworth and Edward Thorndike were students of William James, a prominent figure in the early development of psychology in the United States.

Question 2

Whose research provided the scientific justification for the U.S.Supreme Court to end the practice of racially segregated education in the 1954 Brown vs.Board of Education decision?

Accepted Answer

Mamie and Kenneth Clark's research, particularly their doll experiments, demonstrated the negative psychological effects of segregation on African-American children, which played a crucial role in the Supreme Court's decision in Brown vs. Board of Education to declare racially segregated education unconstitutional.

Question 3

Although significantly altered,which of the five early schools of psychology have survived as contemporary perspectives?

Accepted Answer

Psychoanalysis, founded by Sigmund Freud, and behaviorism, with key figures like John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner, have both evolved but continue to influence contemporary psychology. Psychoanalysis has contributed to the development of therapies exploring unconscious processes, while behaviorism has laid the groundwork for research in observable behavior and learning theories.

Question 4

Which psychological approach was questioned by John Watson?

Accepted Answer

John Watson, a proponent of behaviorism, questioned the focus on the mind's structure, content, and function, advocating instead for the study of observable behavior.

Question 5

Sigmund Freud was actually not a psychologist.In which of the following did he formally receive training?

Accepted Answer

Freud was formally trained in neurology, not psychology, and he is best known for founding psychoanalysis.

Question 6

Mary Calkins is considered a pioneer in ____.

Accepted Answer

Mary Calkins is best known for her pioneering work in memory research, making significant contributions to the field of psychology.

Question 7

Who was the first African American to be elected president of the American Psychological Association?

Accepted Answer

Kenneth Clark was the first African American to be elected president of the American Psychological Association in 1971, making significant contributions to psychology and civil rights.

Question 8

____ contended that all knowledge should be expressed in terms that can be verified empirically or through direct observation.

Accepted Answer

Logical positivism is the philosophical stance that emphasizes the importance of empirical evidence and logical reasoning in the acquisition of knowledge. It argues that for a statement to be meaningful, it must either be empirically verifiable or logically necessary.

Question 9

Which of the following women established one of the first psychology labs in the U.S. ,pioneered research in short-term memory,and in 1905 became the first woman president of the American Psychological Association?

Accepted Answer

Mary Calkins established one of the first psychology labs in the U.S., was a pioneer in research on short-term memory, and became the first woman president of the American Psychological Association in 1905.

Question 10

"All human behavior is determined by hidden or unconscious motives and desires that are sexual in nature." Who proposed this concept?

Accepted Answer

Sigmund Freud is the psychologist who proposed that all human behavior is influenced by unconscious motives and desires, many of which are sexual in nature. This is a fundamental concept in Freudian psychoanalysis.

Question 11

Which was the philosophy that formed the basis for behaviorism?

Accepted Answer

Logical positivism, with its emphasis on empirical evidence and the scientific method, significantly influenced the development of behaviorism by advocating for the study of observable behaviors over introspection.

Question 12

Mary Calkins was a student of ____.

Accepted Answer

Mary Calkins was a student of William James, a prominent psychologist and philosopher.

Question 13

During Freud's reign,sexual drives were emphasized to explain personality.Today,many psychoanalysts deemphasize sexual desires,and instead,focus on what area to explain personality?

Accepted Answer

Cultural experiences are now often emphasized by many psychoanalysts instead of sexual desires to explain personality. This shift reflects an understanding of the complex interplay between societal influences and individual development.

Question 14

What was John Watson's approach to psychology?

Accepted Answer

John Watson is best known for establishing the psychological school of behaviorism, emphasizing the importance of observable behaviors and rejecting introspection.

Question 15

Who was the first African American to receive a Ph.D.in psychology?

Accepted Answer

Gilbert Jones was the first African American to receive a Ph.D. in psychology, earning his degree in 1909 from the University of Jena in Germany.

Question 16

Which of the following was John Watson's assertion?

Accepted Answer

John Watson, a proponent of behaviorism, asserted that psychology should focus on observable behavior rather than on internal mental processes, which he considered too subjective for scientific study.

Question 17

Why was Mary Calkins not given her Ph.D.in psychology at Harvard when she defended her dissertation in 1895?

Accepted Answer

Harvard did not grant degrees to women at the time Mary Calkins completed her studies and defended her dissertation in 1895, despite her fulfilling all the requirements for a Ph.D. in psychology.

Question 18

The year is 1895,and you have just defended your doctoral dissertation at Harvard.It was hailed as "the most brilliant examination for the Ph.D.that we have had at Harvard," but you were not awarded your Ph.D.Who are you?

Accepted Answer

Mary Calkins completed her doctoral studies in psychology at Harvard in 1895, but despite her dissertation being hailed as brilliant, she was not awarded her Ph.D. because she was a woman. Harvard did not grant doctoral degrees to women at that time.

Question 19

On Monday you were praised for helping Mrs.Martin with her groceries,on Tuesday you were given $2 for helping Mr.Scott plant begonias,and on Wednesday you were given cookies for helping Mrs.Jones find her cat.Which of the following provides the best explanation for this behavior?

Accepted Answer

The actions described are followed by positive consequences (praise, money, cookies), which align with Skinner's theory of operant conditioning. This theory suggests that behaviors followed by positive reinforcements are likely to be repeated.

Question 20

From what country was Sigmund Freud?

Accepted Answer

Sigmund Freud was from Austria. He was born in Freiberg in Mähren (now Příbor, Czech Republic), which was part of the Austrian Empire at the time of his birth in 1856. He later lived and worked in Vienna, Austria, for most of his life.

Quiz 1: Psychology As a Science