Question 1

Although there is a likelihood of selection bias in the nonequivalent comparison-group design, the use of a pretest can help identify and alleviate some of the danger of this bias.

Accepted Answer

A pretest allows researchers to measure baseline differences between groups, which can help in adjusting for selection bias in the analysis.

Question 2

Compare and contrast strong experimental research designs and quasi-experimental research designs.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Compare and contrast strong experimental research designs...

Question 3

What are the characteristics of nonequivalent comparison-group quasi-experimental design and how are rival hypotheses that might explain the results?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What are the characteristics of nonequivalent comparison-group...

Question 4

In single-case studies, visual inspection of data leads to the identification of treatment effects unless the baseline and treatment data overlap or there is a great deal of variability in the data.

Accepted Answer

Visual inspection can identify treatment effects in single-case studies, but overlapping data or high variability can obscure these effects, making it difficult to discern clear patterns or changes.

Question 5

In single-subject research designs, the baseline phase is a benchmark against which the treatment condition's results are compared.

Accepted Answer

The baseline phase in single-subject research designs serves as a control period to establish a standard for evaluating the effects of the treatment condition.

Question 6

Compare and contrast how quasi-experimental and strong experimental designs make causal inferences.

Accepted Answer

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Question 7

Time-series and single-case research designs control for confounding extraneous variables by using the same participants in all phases of the study.

Accepted Answer

Time-series and single-case research designs use repeated measures on the same participants, which helps control for confounding variables by ensuring that any changes are due to the intervention rather than differences between participants.

Question 8

Strong experimental designs and quasi-experimental designs differ in that quasi-experimental designs do not include control groups.

Accepted Answer

Quasi-experimental designs may include control groups, but they lack random assignment to groups, which is a key feature of strong experimental designs.

Question 9

Random assignment occurs in interrupted time-series designs.

Accepted Answer

Interrupted time-series designs do not involve random assignment; they analyze changes over time before and after an intervention or event.

Question 10

When using a single-case design you should change one variable at a time.

Accepted Answer

Single-case designs typically involve manipulating one variable at a time to determine its effect on the subject, allowing for clear attribution of changes in behavior to the manipulated variable.

Question 11

Control techniques such as matching and statistical control can be used with the nonequivalent comparison-group design to help reduce the problem of differential selection.

Accepted Answer

Matching and statistical control are methods used to equate groups on certain variables, thereby reducing the impact of differential selection in nonequivalent comparison-group designs.

Question 12

In single-case and time-series research designs, how are confounding variables ruled out?

Accepted Answer

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Question 13

When using single-case designs, there is agreement that each phase should be of equal length.

Accepted Answer

Single-case designs do not require each phase to be of equal length; the length of each phase is determined by the research question and the stability of the data.

Question 14

Describe the Imitations of each of the single-case research designs discussed in Chapter 13.

Accepted Answer

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Question 15

Multiple-baseline designs control for history effects in a way that A-B-A and A-B-A-B designs cannot.

Accepted Answer

Multiple-baseline designs stagger the introduction of the intervention across different contexts, subjects, or behaviors, which helps control for history effects by demonstrating that changes are due to the intervention rather than external factors.

Question 16

When using an A-B-A or an A-B-A-B design it is necessary that reversal occurs if one hopes to make a justified claim of cause and effect.

Accepted Answer

Reversal designs like A-B-A or A-B-A-B require the return to baseline (A) to demonstrate that changes in behavior are due to the intervention (B), thus supporting a cause-and-effect relationship.

Question 17

In single-case research designs, the effectiveness of the treatment is demonstrated by changes in the dependent variable from baseline to the treatment conditions.

Accepted Answer

Single-case research designs assess the impact of an intervention by comparing the dependent variable's measurements during baseline and treatment phases, highlighting any changes attributable to the treatment.

Quiz 13: Experimental Research: Quasi and Single-Case Designs