Question 1

What are the two main components of the superego?

Accepted Answer

The superego has two main components: the ego ideal and the conscience. The ego ideal represents the standards and values that a person aspires to, while the conscience represents the internalization of societal and cultural norms and the resulting feelings of guilt and shame when those norms are violated.

Question 2

What is the moral branch of the personality in psychoanalytic theory?

Accepted Answer

According to psychoanalytic theory, the superego is the moral branch of the personality. It represents the internalization of societal and parental values and is responsible for the individual's moral compass, sense of right and wrong, and guilt.

Question 3

Mia yields to peer pressure to smoke a cigarette.She feels guilty and worthless for not living up to her personal and family standards of behavior.According to psychoanalytic theory,she is being punished by her

Accepted Answer

The answer of Mia yields to peer pressure to smoke...

Question 4

According to Lawrence Walker's work on moral development,a lifelong charity worker,volunteer,and philanthropist would be considered a(n)

Accepted Answer

According to Lawrence Walker's work on moral development, a person who consistently acts with high moral character and serves as a positive example for others is considered a moral exemplar. The described lifelong charity worker, volunteer, and philanthropist fits this definition and can be considered a moral exemplar.

Question 5

John Dewey believed that a school's classroom rules and the moral orientation of the teachers and administrators create a moral atmosphere and,in turn,a

Accepted Answer

John Dewey believed that there is a hidden curriculum in schools, which includes the implicit values, beliefs, and attitudes that students learn from the social and cultural context of the school environment. This hidden curriculum has a subtle but powerful impact on students' moral and ethical development, shaping their understanding of what is right and wrong, good and bad, fair and unfair. Therefore, schools need to be intentional about creating a positive and supportive moral atmosphere that promotes values such as respect, responsibility, fairness, and empathy. This can be achieved through classroom rules, teacher modeling, and ethical decision-making activities, which help students develop their moral reasoning skills and become more aware of the moral dimensions of their actions and choices.

Question 6

According to Kochanska and her colleagues (2002),young children

Accepted Answer

Kochanska and her colleagues found that young children are aware of right and wrong. They may not always act accordingly, but they have a basic understanding of moral concepts.

Question 7

A recent emphasis within character education includes helping others and being sensitive to the feelings of others.This involves adopting a(n)_____ perspective.

Accepted Answer

A care perspective emphasizes empathy, compassion, and concern for the well-being of others. It is often associated with character education and social-emotional learning programs that aim to promote positive relationships and a sense of community among students. Other perspectives, such as justice or "eye for an eye," may prioritize rules, punishment, or individual rights over the needs and feelings of others. A cognitive moral perspective may focus more on reasoning and decision-making than on emotions and relationships.

Question 8

It is unacceptable to lie,steal,cheat,or hurt someone.These are examples of

Accepted Answer

These actions are widely considered to be morally wrong regardless of one's social or cultural background. Following such moral rules helps to create a harmonious and just society.

Question 9

Ross Thompson (2006)asserts that children are moral

Accepted Answer

Thompson argues that children are not yet fully developed moral characters, but rather they are apprentices who are in the process of learning and developing their moral understanding and behavior. Therefore, option B "apprentices" is the best choice.

Question 10

Nine-year-old Kara accidentally let the cat out.Her mother calmly explains,"It's too cold for the cat to stay outside tonight,and it takes a long time to look for him and get him back in.Please try to be more careful when you open the door next time." Kara will likely react by

Accepted Answer

The mother's response was calm and rational, explaining the consequences of Kara's actions without placing blame or punishing her. This is likely to promote understanding and empathy in Kara rather than causing her to become angry or anxious.

Question 11

Kierra is tempted to cheat on a test but chooses not to.According to psychoanalytic theory,what keeps Kierra from cheating?

Accepted Answer

According to psychoanalytic theory, the ego operates on the reality principle and serves as a mediator between the id (which seeks immediate gratification) and the superego (which represents societal and moral values). Kierra’s decision not to cheat suggests that her superego is strong enough to override her id’s desire for immediate gratification. Self-punitive guilt is a common emotion experienced by those who violate their superego’s moral standards. It is likely that Kierra's superego is strong enough to induce self-punitive guilt and prevent her from cheating.

Question 12

Drivers stop when a traffic light turns red.This is an example of a

Accepted Answer

Stopping at a red traffic light is a social convention, which is a norm or guideline that has been established by society as a way to maintain order and safety on the roads. It is not necessarily a moral rule or concept of justice, and while it has become a part of our cultural tradition, it is not specific to any one culture.

Question 13

Diego is with his 7-year-old son when he discovers a lost wallet.He wants his son to grow up to be a moral person so he

Accepted Answer

By discussing the situation with his son and choosing to turn in the lost wallet, Diego is modeling honesty and integrity for his child. This teaches his son to prioritize doing the right thing over personal gain.

Question 14

Which of the following hypothesizes a possible core of moral personality?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following hypothesizes a possible...

Question 15

Clarissa resists peer pressure to smoke a cigarette.She feels proud of herself for maintaining her personal and family standards of behavior.According to psychoanalytic theory,she is being rewarded by her

Accepted Answer

According to psychoanalytic theory, the ego ideal is the internalized representation of the person's ideal self and reflects the values and standards of behavior that the individual aspires to. Clarissa's sense of pride suggests that she is maintaining her personal and family standards of behavior, which is consistent with the concept of the ego ideal.

Question 16

How many U.S.states currently have mandates to include character education in school curriculum?

Accepted Answer

As of my last update in 2023, 40 U.S. states have mandates to include character education in their school curriculum. This reflects a growing recognition of the importance of teaching values and character alongside academic subjects.

Question 17

In the contemporary perspective on moral development,what do many psychologists believe about children's moral development?

Accepted Answer

Many psychologists believe that both positive emotions such as empathy and sympathy, and negative emotions such as guilt and shame, contribute to moral development. Additionally, social interactions, experiences, and cultural factors also play a role in shaping a child's moral development. While parents do play a role, they are not the only or primary contributors to a child's moral development. Biological predispositions may also play a small role, but they are not the primary influence. Finally, extrinsic rewards and punishments are not considered effective in promoting long-term moral development.

Question 18

An experimenter pretends to hurt her knee in front of a child to see how the child reacts to another's emotional response.This experimenter is studying

Accepted Answer

The experimenter is studying the child's ability to understand and share the emotional experience of another, which is the definition of empathy. The other choices are not relevant to the scenario described.

Question 19

Maya experiences a deep emotional reaction when she speaks to Stephanie about the death of Stephanie's son.Maya imagines herself in Stephanie's situation and feels

Accepted Answer

Maya is putting herself in Stephanie's shoes and feeling the emotions that Stephanie must have felt when her son died. This is an example of empathy, which is the ability to feel and understand someone else's emotions. Sympathy, on the other hand, is feeling sorry for someone else's emotions or situation. Conscience is the inner sense of right and wrong, and guilt is the feeling that arises when someone believes they have done something wrong. Neither of these accurately describes Maya's emotional reaction to Stephanie's story.

Question 20

Proponents of _____ believe that certain behaviors are wrong and that every school should have an explicit moral code that teaches students what is right and wrong.

Accepted Answer

The proponents of character education believe in teaching students explicit moral codes and values, and promoting good character traits such as responsibility, respect, fairness, and citizenship. Character education emphasizes the importance of character development and encourages positive behavior and ethical decision-making.

Quiz 13: Moral Development,values,and Religion