Question 1

When introducing himself to new people, Aaron says that he is catholic, Argentinean, and a grandfather of three. According to the sociocultural perspective on personality, Aaron is a(n) _____.

Accepted Answer

Aaron's introduction emphasizes his group affiliations (being Catholic and Argentinean) as well as his family role as a grandfather, indicating a collectivist orientation.

Question 2

__________tend to define themselves in terms of their personal identities and to give priority to their personal goals.

Accepted Answer

Individualists prioritize their own personal goals and identities over group or collective goals.

Question 3

Jim overhears a classmate explaining to a friend that people are free to do what they choose with their lives and that the meaning of their lives is what they give to it. He further explains that people have unique ways of looking at the world, known as unique frame of reference. The classmate is describing the views of _____.

Accepted Answer

The classmate's views align with the humanistic perspective of psychology, which was pioneered by Carl Rogers. This perspective emphasizes the importance of individual choice and self-actualization, as well as the unique frame of reference that each person brings to their experiences. Abraham Maslow also contributed to the humanistic perspective, but the classmate's specific comments about unique frame of reference are more closely associated with Rogers. John Watson and Hans Eysenck were behaviorists and trait theorists, respectively, and their perspectives do not align with the views expressed by the classmate.

Question 4

Which of the following is true of collectivists?

Accepted Answer

Collectivists are more likely to conform to group judgments as they prioritize group harmony and interdependence over individualism.

Question 5

Freud theorized that the human mind is composed of three parts, namely _____.

Accepted Answer

Freud's theory of the human mind is composed of three parts: the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious. The conscious is the part of the mind that contains all the things that we are aware of in any given moment. The preconscious is the part of the mind that contains all the things that we are not currently aware of but can easily bring to conscious awareness. The unconscious is the part of the mind that contains all the things that we are not aware of and cannot easily bring to conscious awareness.

Question 6

According to Jung's hypothesis, which of the following refers to the primitive images contained in the collective unconscious?

Accepted Answer

Archetypes refer to the primitive images contained in the collective unconscious according to Jung's hypothesis.

Question 7

According to Freud's theory of psychosexual development, which of the following is an oral trait?

Accepted Answer

Gullibility is an oral trait according to Freud's theory of psychosexual development. The oral stage occurs from birth to around 18 months and is associated with the mouth, lips, and tongue. During this stage, infants derive pleasure from sucking and biting, and learn to trust their caregivers to provide nourishment. If this stage is not resolved successfully, individuals may develop oral fixations such as gullibility, overeating, or smoking.

Question 8

Eysenck focused on the relationships between two personality traits:__________and emotional stability-instability.

Accepted Answer

Eysenck's personality theory focused on the relationships between two personality traits: introversion-extraversion and emotional stability-instability.

Question 9

According to Freud, the ego is guided by the _____.

Accepted Answer

Freud believed that the ego operates on the reality principle, which means it takes into account external reality and seeks to satisfy id impulses in a realistic and socially appropriate way. The ego tries to balance the demands of the id, the constraints of the real world, and the ideals of the superego.

Question 10

__________is also termed as modeling.

Accepted Answer

Observational learning, also known as social learning or modeling, is a process of acquiring new behaviors or modifying existing ones by watching and imitating others. It involves four key components: attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation.

Question 11

Which of the following is an illustration of the defense mechanism of repression?

Accepted Answer

Repression is a defense mechanism in which a person unconsciously pushes away or blocks out memories, thoughts, or feelings that are too difficult or painful to deal with consciously. Mary's inability to remember the death of her sister is an example of repression.

Question 12

According to Freud, the id follows the _____.

Accepted Answer

According to Freud's theory, the id operates on the pleasure principle, which seeks immediate gratification of biological and instinctual drives without regard for social norms or consequences.

Question 13

Lewis generally comes across as a quick-tempered individual. His anger is easily triggered by trivial situations. According to Eysenck's personality dimensions, which of the following is true of Lewis?

Accepted Answer

Lewis's quick-tempered nature suggests that he has high levels of emotional instability. However, his tendency to react strongly to even minor situations indicates that he is also likely to be extraverted. Thus, Lewis fits Eysenck's description of an extraverted and unstable individual.

Question 14

In the context of the five-factor model, which of the following traits are characteristic of neuroticism?

Accepted Answer

Neuroticism is characterized by high levels of negative emotions such as nervousness, moodiness, and sensitivity to negative stimuli. Talkativeness, assertiveness, and activity are characteristics of extraversion. Kindness, trust, and warmth are characteristics of agreeableness. Organization, thoroughness, and reliability are characteristics of conscientiousness.

Question 15

Which of the following is true of social cognitive theory?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is true of...

Question 16

Which of the following is true of the learning theorists?

Accepted Answer

Learning theorists emphasize external factors, such as environmental conditions (reinforcement, punishment, modeling, etc.), as key determinants of behavior. They believe that behavior results from learning through experience and can be modified through conditioning, shaping, and other techniques.

Question 17

Bobby spilled water accidentally on his father's computer, but contrary to Bobby's expectations, he did not get grounded. His father acknowledged that it was a mistake and assured Bobby that he still loved him, despite the unfortunate incident. Bobby's father's response is an example of _____.

Accepted Answer

Bobby's father's response shows unconditional positive regard, as he still loved Bobby despite the mistake he made. This means that he accepted Bobby for who he is, without conditions or expectations.

Question 18

Steve has just completed a personality assessment in which he was shown a series of cards one at a time and asked to make up stories about them. Which of the following tests is he most likely to have taken?

Accepted Answer

The scenario describes the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), in which the participant is shown ambiguous pictures and asked to create stories about them. The Rorschach Inkblot Test involves showing inkblot pictures and asking the participant to interpret them, while the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory is an objective test that asks specific questions about personality traits and behaviors. The description does not mention an objective test, which generally consists of straightforward questions with predetermined answer options.

Question 19

Which of the following tests is an example of an objective personality test?

Accepted Answer

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory is an example of an objective personality test because it consists of a set of standardized questions with fixed response options that can be scored objectively. The other options listed are examples of projective personality tests where the individual is asked to respond to ambiguous stimuli, which are interpreted subjectively by the examiner.

Question 20

Chris, a high school student, is looking up the profiles of various colleges to make a decision about which one he wants to attend. Being a confident person, he believes that he will do well at a prestigious university. His belief in his success is called _____ by social cognitive theorists.

Accepted Answer

Self-efficacy expectations refer to an individual's belief in their ability to perform a task or succeed in a particular situation. In this case, Chris believes he will do well at a prestigious university, indicating high self-efficacy expectations. Defense mechanisms, modeling, and existentialism are not relevant in this scenario.

Quiz 10: Personality: Theory and Measurement