Question 1

In order for a Pearson's r to reflect a meaningful relationship, which of the following must be true?
A)the relationship must be nonlinear
B)the variables must be measured on at least an ordinal scale
C)the range of scores must be restricted on at least one of the variables
D)the variables must be measured on either an interval or a ratio scale

Accepted Answer

Pearson's r requires that the variables be measured on an interval or ratio scale to accurately reflect the linear relationship between them.

Question 2

In order for Pearson's r to be calculated,
A)both variables must be measured on a ratio scale
B)the relationship must be a linear one
C)at least one of the variables must have a restricted range
D)the variables must be measured on at least an ordinal scale

Accepted Answer

Pearson's r requires that the relationship between the two variables is linear. It does not require ratio scales, and both variables should be at least interval scale, not ordinal. A restricted range can affect the correlation but is not a requirement for calculation.

Question 3

Which of the following would be most likely to produce a negative correlation?
A)the relationship between college grades and parents' IQ
B)the relationship between college grades and total TV watching time
C)the relationship between college grades and high school grades
D)the relationship between college grades and time spent in library

Accepted Answer

A negative correlation occurs when one variable increases as the other decreases. Watching more TV is likely to reduce the time available for studying, potentially leading to lower college grades.

Question 4

Which of the following correlations shows the weakest relationship?
A)+)23
B)+)07
C)-)09
D)-)99

Accepted Answer

A correlation of +0.07 is closest to 0, indicating the weakest relationship among the options.

Question 5

Picture a regression line as a diagonal line running from the lower left to the top right on a scatterplot. For which of the following correlations would the points be closest to this regression line?
A)-)90
B)-)30
C)+)40
D)+)70

Accepted Answer

A correlation of +70 indicates a strong positive relationship, meaning the points will be closely clustered around the regression line running from the lower left to the top right.

Question 6

In a negative correlation,
A)high scores on one variable are accompanied by high scores on the second variable
B)low scores on one variable are accompanied by low scores on the second variable
C)high scores on one variable are accompanied by low scores on the second variable
D)both alternatives a. and b.

Accepted Answer

In a negative correlation, as one variable increases, the other variable tends to decrease, indicating an inverse relationship.

Question 7

Which of the following correlations shows the strongest relationship?
A)-)72
B)+1.21
C)+)70
D)-)09

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following correlations shows the...

Question 8

On surveys, participants can try to present a positive image of themselves, a problem referred to as
A)experimenter bias
B)social desirability bias
C)question ambiguity
D)good subject bias

Accepted Answer

Social desirability bias refers to the tendency of participants in surveys to present a positive image of themselves, even if it is not entirely accurate.

Question 9

In order for a Pearson's r to reflect a meaningful relationship, which of the following must be true?
A)the relationship must be linear
B)the relationship must be nonlinear
C)the relationship must be inverse
D)the relationship must be a positive one

Accepted Answer

Pearson's r measures the strength and direction of a linear relationship between two variables. If the relationship is not linear, Pearson's r may not accurately reflect the relationship.

Question 10

A regression line for a correlation of -1.00 would
A)be parallel to the X-axis
B)be parallel to the Y-axis
C)higher for low values on the X-axis than for high values on the X-axis
D)higher for high values on the X-axis than for low values on the X-axis

Accepted Answer

The answer of A regression line for a correlation of...

Question 11

Which of the following was true about the survey by Hartwig and Dunlosky (2012)on student study strategies?
A)it contained all open-ended questions
B)it was an interview format
C)it had a small sample size
D)it contained all closed questions

Accepted Answer

The survey by Hartwig and Dunlosky (2012) primarily used closed questions to gather data on student study strategies.

Question 12

Zezima (2010)reported that while nearly 100% of people reported that they wash their hands after using public restrooms, however actual observations of public hand washing behavior demonstrated much lower percentages. This illustrates
A)invasion of privacy
B)question ambiguity
C)biased sampling
D)a social desirability bias

Accepted Answer

Social desirability bias occurs when people respond in a way they think is more socially acceptable rather than how they truly behave, leading to discrepancies between reported and actual behavior.

Question 13

What were the results of the Hartwig and Dunlosky (2012)survey of student study strategies?
A)students who tested themselves also had higher GPAs
B)use of flashcards was strongly related to GPA
C)cramming led to better test performance than study that was distributed over time
D)the most often reported study strategy was rereading the material

Accepted Answer

Students who tested themselves also had higher GPAs.

Question 14

In a positive correlation,
A)high scores on one variable are accompanied by high scores on the second variable
B)low scores on one variable are accompanied by low scores on the second variable
C)high scores on one variable are accompanied by low scores on the second variable
D)both alternatives a. and b.

Accepted Answer

In a positive correlation, both high scores on one variable are accompanied by high scores on the second variable, and low scores on one variable are accompanied by low scores on the second variable.

Question 15

Phone surveys
A)usually need to be brief and to include few if any open questions
B)usually have very high response rates
C)avoid problems with experimenter bias
D)are limited to cluster samples only

Accepted Answer

Phone surveys need to be brief to maintain the respondent's attention and typically include few open questions to facilitate easier and quicker responses.

Question 16

In the box describing the case of the female journalist who was fired on the basis of a survey, which of the following occurred?
A)the survey was not actually completed; the data were manufactured
B)even though an elaborate (and appropriate)statistical analysis was done, the survey itself was hopelessly biased
C)there was an inappropriate statistical analysis
D)it a well-designed and fair survey, but used a biased sample

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the box describing the case of...

Question 17

A regression line for a correlation of +1.00 would
A)be parallel to the X-axis
B)be parallel to the Y-axis
C)higher for low values on the X-axis than for high values on the X-axis
D)higher for high values on the X-axis than for low values on the X-axis

Accepted Answer

A correlation of +1.00 indicates a perfect positive correlation between two variables, meaning that as one variable increases, the other variable also increases at the same rate. Therefore, the regression line for this correlation will slope upward from left to right, indicating that the predicted values (Y) will be higher for high values on the X-axis.

Question 18

How much information is in a correlation coefficient?
A)the strength of a relationship
B)the direction of a relationship
C)both alternatives a. and b.
D)none of the above

Accepted Answer

A correlation coefficient provides both the strength and the direction of a relationship between two variables.

Question 19

Nonresponse bias occurs when
A)the population from which the sample is taken is too small
B)response rate is lower than anticipated
C)those returning a survey differ in some important way from the initial sample
D)those responding to a survey fail to answer a significant number of questions on the survey

Accepted Answer

Nonresponse bias occurs when the individuals who do not respond to a survey differ in significant ways from those who do, potentially skewing the results.

Question 20

All of the following are problems with online surveying except
A)cost
B)debriefing
C)self selection bias
D)some sampling bias (middle and upper incomes)

Accepted Answer

Online surveying is generally cost-effective compared to traditional methods, making cost not a problem.

Quiz 9: Non-Experimental Design I: Survey Methods

In order for a Pearson's r to reflect a meaningful relationship, which of the following must be true?

In order for Pearson's r to be calculated,

Which of the following would be most likely to produce a negative correlation?

Which of the following correlations shows the weakest relationship?

Picture a regression line as a diagonal line running from the lower left to the top right on a scatterplot. For which of the following correlations would the points be closest to this regression line?

In a negative correlation,

Which of the following correlations shows the strongest relationship?

On surveys, participants can try to present a positive image of themselves, a problem referred to as

In order for a Pearson's r to reflect a meaningful relationship, which of the following must be true?

A regression line for a correlation of -1.00 would

Which of the following was true about the survey by Hartwig and Dunlosky (2012) on student study strategies?

Zezima (2010) reported that while nearly 100% of people reported that they wash their hands after using public restrooms, however actual observations of public hand washing behavior demonstrated much lower percentages. This illustrates

What were the results of the Hartwig and Dunlosky (2012) survey of student study strategies?

In a positive correlation,

Phone surveys

In the box describing the case of the female journalist who was fired on the basis of a survey, which of the following occurred?

A regression line for a correlation of +1.00 would

How much information is in a correlation coefficient?

Nonresponse bias occurs when

All of the following are problems with online surveying except