Question 1

Children first engage in pretend play at about _____ months.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Children first engage in pretend play at...

Question 2

Knowing the distinction between actual and mental events and between how things appear and how they really are indicates that a person has__________.

Accepted Answer

A theory of mind refers to the ability to understand that others have beliefs, desires, intentions, and perspectives that are different from one's own, which includes distinguishing between actual and mental events and between appearance and reality.

Question 3

Which of the following sample items measures the degree of avoidance of restriction and punishment in the context of Bettye Caldwell's HOME inventory for measuring a child's home environment?

Accepted Answer

This item measures the degree of avoidance of restriction and punishment, as it assesses whether a parent refrains from shouting or interfering with the child's actions, indicating a less restrictive and punitive environment.

Question 4

__________is characterized by the use of symbols to represent objects and relationships among them.

Accepted Answer

Preoperational thought, a stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development, is characterized by the use of symbols to represent objects and relationships among them.

Question 5

According to Piaget, the preoperational stage of cognitive development:

Accepted Answer

The preoperational stage of cognitive development, according to Piaget, lasts from approximately age two to age seven. This stage involves the development of language and symbolic thinking, but children at this stage still lack the ability to think logically and perform mental operations.

Question 6

Which of the following is true of inner speech?

Accepted Answer

Inner speech represents the integration of language and thought, where individuals use language internally to organize and process their thoughts.

Question 7

By _____ months, a preoperational child can pretend that her or his doll is feeding itself.

Accepted Answer

By thirty months, children are typically in the preoperational stage of cognitive development, where they engage in symbolic play, such as pretending that a doll is feeding itself.

Question 8

Five-year-old Cory watches a video in which a girl named Kim has few balls in a box. When Kim leaves the room briefly, her mother replaces the balls in the box with some flowers. When Kim returns, Cory was asked what Kim thought the box now contained. Which of the following options is most likely to be Cory's reply?

Accepted Answer

Cory, being five years old, is likely to exhibit egocentrism, a characteristic of the preoperational stage of cognitive development according to Piaget. He may not yet understand that Kim has a different perspective and will assume she knows what he knows, thus thinking Kim will expect the box to still contain balls.

Question 9

Which of the following is true of transductive reasoning?

Accepted Answer

Transductive reasoning involves reasoning from one specific case to another specific case, often without considering general principles or broader contexts.

Question 10

Gina is three years old. She can tell you that every day, before going to bed, she puts her pajamas on, brushes her teeth, and listens to a story. Gina's account of these repeated events illustrates _____.

Accepted Answer

Gina's account of her bedtime routine is an example of a "script," which is a cognitive framework that describes the sequence of events in a particular context.

Question 11

Focusing on only one aspect of a situation, a characteristic of preoperational thought, is termed__________.

Accepted Answer

Centration is the term used to describe the tendency of preoperational children to focus on one aspect of a situation while ignoring others.

Question 12

The ability to engage in pretend play is based on:

Accepted Answer

Pretend play relies on the use and recollection of symbols, as children use objects or actions to represent other things, which is a fundamental aspect of symbolic thought.

Question 13

Caitlin thinks that everyone loves dolls because she loves dolls. Caitlin displays _____.

Accepted Answer

Egocentrism is when someone believes that others share their thoughts and feelings, as Caitlin assumes everyone loves dolls because she does.

Question 14

Which of the following sample items measures opportunities for variety in daily stimulation in the context of Bettye Caldwell's HOME inventory for measuring a child's home environment?

Accepted Answer

Reading stories to a child provides opportunities for variety in daily stimulation, as it introduces new ideas, vocabulary, and experiences.

Question 15

Class inclusion tasks are difficult for the preoperational child because:

Accepted Answer

Class inclusion tasks require the child to focus on two aspects of a situation at once, namely the larger class and the subclasses. This type of simultaneous thinking is difficult for preoperational children who are still developing their ability to think logically and mentally manipulate information. Seriation, comparing subclasses, and focusing on multiple large classes are not the primary challenges of class inclusion tasks for preoperational children.

Question 16

Which of the following is a limitation of assessing memory in young children?

Accepted Answer

Inaccuracy in their verbal reports is a limitation of assessing memory in young children because they may not have fully developed language skills or may not be able to communicate their memories effectively. Underdevelopment of their brains, slow development of neurons, and poor development of the amygdala may affect memory in young children but do not specifically limit the assessment of memory.

Question 17

Which of the following is the most successful children's educational TV program?

Accepted Answer

Sesame Street is widely recognized as the most successful children's educational TV program due to its long history, global reach, and significant impact on early childhood education.

Question 18

_____ involves putting oneself at the center of things such that one is unable to perceive the world from another person's point of view.

Accepted Answer

Egocentrism is the inability to differentiate between one's own perspective and another person's perspective, often leading to the belief that others see the world as they do.

Question 19

Which of the following sample items measures parental involvement with a child in the context of Bettye Caldwell's HOME inventory for measuring a child's home environment?

Accepted Answer

The HOME inventory includes items that assess the quality and quantity of stimulation and support available to a child in the home environment. Structuring a child's play periods is a direct measure of parental involvement.

Question 20

By the age of about _____, many children learn to verbalize information silently to themselves by counting mentally, for example, rather than aloud.

Accepted Answer

By the age of about five, many children develop the ability to perform tasks like counting mentally, which involves verbalizing information silently to themselves rather than out loud. This is a part of cognitive development where children begin to internalize their thought processes.

Quiz 9: Early Childhood: Cognitive Development