Question 1

Who among the following children is most likely a victim of emotional abuse?

Accepted Answer

Clark's situation directly indicates emotional abuse through verbal criticism and negative labeling by a parent, which can significantly impact a child's self-esteem and social interactions.

Question 2

According to studies by Hines and Zelazo in 2013, infant girls and boys:

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to studies by Hines and Zelazo...

Question 3

Lisa, a two-year-old, was developing like a normal child until recently. She has now lost her ability to crawl and many other previously acquired skills. Lisa is most likely to be diagnosed with__________.

Accepted Answer

Childhood disintegrative disorder, also known as Heller's syndrome, is a rare condition characterized by a significant regression in multiple areas of development, including social skills, language, and motor skills. This regression usually occurs after a period of normal development, typically around the age of 2 to 4 years old. This description fits with the scenario of Lisa losing previously acquired skills. Separation anxiety disorder, Asperger's disorder, and Down syndrome are not appropriate diagnoses for this case.

Question 4

Which of the following is true of stranger anxiety in children?

Accepted Answer

Stranger anxiety typically peaks at nine to twelve months of age, when infants are most able to distinguish familiar faces from unfamiliar ones. At this age, they may become hesitant, cry, or cling to parents when they encounter strangers. Stranger anxiety usually begins to fade by the end of the first year of life, as infants become more comfortable with familiar faces and environments. It typically does not completely disappear until around two years of age. Therefore, options B, C, and D are all incorrect.

Question 5

Jeremy, an infant, starts wailing as soon as his mother puts him in his crib. He often shows signs of anger when she returns and refuses to come to her. Sometimes, he clings to his mother and does not let her work. In the context of attachment styles in infants, Jeremy is displaying _____.

Accepted Answer

Jeremy's behavior of crying when his mother puts him in his crib, anger when she returns, and clinging to her indicates that he is uncertain of his mother's availability and responsiveness, which is characteristic of ambivalent/resistant attachment style. Infants with this attachment style often exhibit clingy behavior, anger, and resistance towards their caregiver.

Question 6

According to Mary Ainsworth and her colleagues, the__________lasts from birth to about three months.

Accepted Answer

The initial-preattachment phase, according to Ainsworth's attachment theory, lasts from birth to approximately three months. During this time, infants have not yet formed a specific attachment to a primary caregiver and are primarily focused on meeting their physiological needs.

Question 7

Simon, a one-year-old, keeps his parents awake at night due to his irregular sleep hours. He also feeds fitfully and is always irritable. In this scenario, Simon has a(n) _____.

Accepted Answer

Simon's behavior suggests that he has a difficult temperament, which is characterized by irregular sleep patterns, feeding difficulties, and irritability. This can be challenging for parents and caregivers to manage.

Question 8

According to Mary Ainsworth and her colleagues, which of the following phases of attachment occurs at about six or seven months?

Accepted Answer

The clear-cut-attachment phase occurs at about six or seven months according to Mary Ainsworth and her colleagues. During this phase, infants have formed specific attachments to their primary caregivers and show separation anxiety when separated from them.

Question 9

Which of the following statements would a person who propagates the behavioral view of attachment most likely support?

Accepted Answer

The behavioral view of attachment suggests that infants learn to associate their caregivers with gratification, and thus learn to approach them to meet their needs. This statement aligns with the behavioral view. The other options do not align with the behavioral view.

Question 10

Which of the following is true of secure infants participating in the Strange Situation method of assessing attachment?

Accepted Answer

Secure infants participating in the Strange Situation method exhibit a balanced behavior where they seek interaction with their mothers upon reunion but are not excessively clingy or resistant, indicating a healthily attached bond. They show minimal distress upon separation and are easy to soothe upon reunion.

Question 11

Cliff, a five-year-old, sits on a see-saw for the first time and does not know what to do. He sees another boy sitting on the opposite end of the see-saw laughing and smiling. After a while, Cliff starts laughing and smiling just like the other boy. Cliff's behavior illustrates _____.

Accepted Answer

Cliff's behavior of looking at and imitating the other boy's reactions is an example of social referencing, which is the tendency to use other people's emotions and reactions as guides for our own behavior in uncertain situations. Indiscriminate attachment refers to a young child's willingness to form attachments with multiple individuals, rather than just their primary caregiver. Contact comfort relates to an infant's preference for physical contact with a soft and warm object, such as a blanket or stuffed animal. Stranger anxiety is a common fear seen in young infants when they encounter unfamiliar people.

Question 12

Asperger's disorder is characterized by:

Accepted Answer

Asperger's disorder is characterized by social deficits (difficulty with nonverbal communication, making and maintaining friendships, and lack of social reciprocity) and stereotyped behavior (repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities).

Question 13

Betty, a two-month-old infant, is not afraid when strangers pick her up and play with her. She is also equally comfortable when familiar people pick her up. Betty is showing _____.

Accepted Answer

Betty is exhibiting indiscriminate attachment, which is a common behavior among infants between 1 to 7 months old. This means that Betty does not have a preference for specific individuals and is comfortable around both familiar and unfamiliar people. In contrast, infants with insecure or avoidant attachment may exhibit fear or discomfort when interacting with strangers or even familiar individuals. Clear-cut attachment, on the other hand, refers to the period from 6 to 8 months onwards when infants develop a strong attachment to their primary caregiver.

Question 14

Which of the following is a difference between children with day-care experience and home-reared children?

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that children with day-care experience are more peer oriented, have more social skills, and play at higher developmental levels than home-reared children, especially in high-quality day care centers. However, there is no evidence to suggest that children in day care are always less aggressive or that they are less disruptive than home-reared children. Additionally, the behavior of children regarding sharing their toys may vary based on individual differences, and it is not directly linked to day-care experience.

Question 15

In a classic study, René A. Spitz found that institutionalized children who receive little or no social stimulation from caregivers:

Accepted Answer

Spitz's research showed that institutionalized children who received little or no social stimulation from caregivers showed signs of depression and withdrawal.

Question 16

__________refers to the individual difference in style of reaction that is present early in life.

Accepted Answer

Temperament refers to the natural predisposition to react in a certain way to the environment, which is present early in life and believed to be biologically-based. Social referencing refers to the tendency to look to others in the environment for cues on how to react to certain situations. Deferred imitation refers to the ability to observe and imitate the behavior of others at a later time. A conditioned reflex refers to a learned response to a specific stimulus.

Question 17

Osmund, a 12-year-old, refuses to speak to anyone, pushes his mother away when she tries to hug him, and avoids all forms of social contact. Osmund is most likely to be diagnosed with _____.

Accepted Answer

The symptoms described, such as avoiding social contact and not communicating verbally or physically with others, are consistent with a diagnosis of autism. Phenylketonuria is a metabolic disorder that affects the way the body processes an amino acid called phenylalanine; attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity; Huntington's disease is a neurological disorder that affects cognitive and motor function.

Question 18

Which of the following children would be the most emotional and severely distressed by the departure of his or her father from the room in which they are playing?

Accepted Answer

Children with ambivalent/resistant attachment have an inconsistent caregiving history and often show intense distress when their attachment figure leaves. This is because they have learned that their caregiver may not always be available, so they are anxious about being separated from them.

Question 19

Amy, a two-year-old, is often hit by her father who has a violent temper. Her father is a successful lawyer who provides his family with a decent lifestyle. However, he cannot control his anger and often lashes out on his family members. Amy is a victim of _____.

Accepted Answer

Amy is a victim of physical abuse, as she is being hit by her father who has a violent temper.

Question 20

Which of the following views of the development of attachment first suggested that attachment is learned through conditioning?

Accepted Answer

The behavioral view, first suggested by John Bowlby and later extended by Mary Ainsworth, proposed that attachment is learned through conditioning. According to this view, infants develop attachment through a process of classical and operant conditioning, in which they learn to associate their primary caregiver with the satisfaction of their basic needs (such as hunger, thirst, warmth, and comfort). Over time, this association becomes stronger and more focused on the specific person who provides the most consistent and reliable care. The behavioral view also emphasizes the role of reinforcement and punishment in shaping attachment-related behaviors, such as crying, clinging, and seeking proximity.

Quiz 7: Infancy: Social and Emotional Development