Question 1

List some guidelines for infant nutrition set by the U.S. Department of Agriculture in 2011.

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Question 2

Define perceptual constancy. Briefly explain size constancy and shape constancy in infants.

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Question 3

Discuss the changes that take place when an infant becomes a toddler.

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Question 4

Toddlers begin to run with their legs in a bowlegged fashion because:

Accepted Answer

Toddlers run with their legs in a bowlegged fashion because their head and torso are heavier than the rest of their body, making it difficult for them to maintain their balance while running. This results in them spreading their legs wider apart to create a wider base of support, which causes their legs to appear bowed.

Question 5

Discuss the visual preferences of neonates.

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Question 6

Elsa is a one-year-old infant. Her mother notices that while playing in the garden, Elsa often picks up tiny insects and worms by making a tight fist. A few months before, she had only been able to pat the insects and not pick them up as they were so tiny. This is an example of _____.

Accepted Answer

This is an example of a pincer grasp, which is the ability to pick up small objects using the tips of the fingers and thumb. This is a milestone in infant development that typically occurs around 9-12 months. Canalization refers to the tendency of development to follow a predetermined path, while an ulnar grasp is the ability to grasp objects using the palm of the hand and fingers. Habituation refers to a decrease in responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated exposure.

Question 7

Discuss the development of hearing in neonates.

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Question 8

Briefly explain proximodistal development in infants.

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Question 9

The high _____ of a myelin sheath insulates a neuron from electrically charged atoms in the fluids that encase the nervous system.

Accepted Answer

The high fat content of a myelin sheath provides insulation from electrically charged atoms in the fluids that encase the nervous system.

Question 10

Which of the following is true of neurons?

Accepted Answer

Infants are born with about 100 billion neurons, most of which are in the brain. This number remains fairly constant throughout adulthood, but neurons do undergo changes and adaptations throughout development and aging. Choice A is incorrect because a neonate actually has more neurons than an adult. Choice B is incorrect because the brain contains more neurons than the spinal cord. Choice C is incorrect because axons do not shorten as a child matures; on the contrary, they continue to grow and develop throughout childhood and into early adulthood.

Question 11

Raymond, a one-year-old infant, loves playing with his rattle. He holds it in his hand by making a tight fist and shakes it vigorously. This is an example of _____.

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Question 12

In the context of development, discuss the adaptability of the human brain.

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Question 13

Briefly describe myelination.

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Question 14

Billy is a four-year-old boy. He has trouble walking and running like other children his age, and he sleeps through most of the day. He is diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. Billy's condition is the result of _____.

Accepted Answer

Multiple sclerosis is a neurological disorder that affects the myelin sheaths surrounding neurons. The disruption of these sheaths can lead to difficulty with movement and sleep disturbances. Abnormal lengths of axons, an extra copy of chromosome 21, and disruptions in rapid eye movement sleep are not typically associated with multiple sclerosis.

Question 15

__________is demonstrated by the fact that infants can hold up their heads before they gain control over their torsos, their arms, and, finally, their legs.

Accepted Answer

Cephalocaudal development refers to the pattern of growth and development that proceeds from the head down to the feet. This means that infants develop control over their head and neck muscles before they are able to control their arms and legs. This is why infants can hold up their heads before they gain control over their torsos and limb movements.

Question 16

Briefly explain the sequence of motor development in infancy.

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Question 17

Isabel is a 5-month-old girl. She has not gained any weight in the last month. She feeds and sleeps irregularly. She also cries frequently and becomes irritable whenever her mother picks her up. Isabel is most likely to be diagnosed with _____.

Accepted Answer

Isabel's lack of weight gain, irregular feeding and sleeping patterns, and irritability may indicate failure to thrive syndrome, which is defined as inadequate growth in infants and young children. The other options, including multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and Down syndrome, are not likely diagnoses for a 5-month-old infant.

Question 18

Among neonates, the arms:

Accepted Answer

Neonates typically have arms that are about the same length as their legs. The arms and legs lengthen at a similar rate during fetal development. However, cephalocaudal development (growth from head to tail) does play a role in the overall growth and development of the infant, but does not specifically affect the arms in comparison to the legs.

Question 19

As children mature, their behaviors become less loose and global, and more specific and distinct, a tendency called__________.

Accepted Answer

The tendency described, where children's behaviors become less loose and global and more specific and distinct, is called differentiation. Integration refers to the coordination of different skills into more complex actions, habituation is the decrease in responsiveness to repeated stimuli, and canalization refers to the degree to which the development of a trait is influenced by environmental and genetic factors.

Question 20

Briefly explain cephalocaudal development in neonates.

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Quiz 5: Infancy: Physical Development