Question 1

Which of the following is true of a child's school phobia?

Accepted Answer

It is important to understand the reason behind a child's school phobia, however, insisting that the child return to school should not always be delayed until this understanding is achieved. It may be necessary to gradually reintroduce the child to the school environment while simultaneously addressing the underlying issues causing the phobia.

Question 2

In a research by Green in 1978, it was found that most children who were being reared or had been reared by lesbians or transgendered parents__________.

Accepted Answer

According to the given information, the research found that children of lesbian or transgendered parents reported preferences for toys that were typical for their gender. No information is provided about the sexual orientation of these children. Therefore, options B and D are incorrect. Option A is not mentioned in the given information, making option C the best choice.

Question 3

Identify a true statement about children in middle childhood.

Accepted Answer

By middle childhood, children develop a more accurate self-concept and are able to compare themselves with other children in a more objective manner. They can form a more critical and honest appraisal of themselves. This is a true statement about children in middle childhood. Option B is incorrect because self-esteem does not necessarily increase throughout middle childhood and may vary depending on individual experiences. Option C is incorrect as there is no clear evidence to suggest that children's level of self-esteem is solely determined by the parenting style. Option D is also incorrect as research shows that boys tend to have higher self-concepts in math than girls during middle childhood, and there is no significant difference in physical appearance between boys and girls.

Question 4

Jenna is six years old. She is hesitant to go to school every morning because she does not like staying away from her father. She often complains of stomachaches to avoid school and stop her father from going to office. This scenario illustrates that Jenna is suffering from _____.

Accepted Answer

Jenna's behavior shows symptoms of separation anxiety disorder. She is expressing excessive fear or anxiety about separation from her father, and this fear is affecting her daily life and causing physical symptoms such as stomachaches.

Question 5

__________is best described as the way in which one is disposed toward interpreting outcomes (successes or failures), as in tending to place blame or responsibility on oneself or on external factors.

Accepted Answer

The description given is of an attributional style, which refers to the tendency to attribute successes or failures to either internal or external factors.

Question 6

Which of the following examples illustrates an internal attribution style?

Accepted Answer

Kim's decision to quit ballet is based on her own internal attribution that she is clumsy and cannot master it.

Question 7

Jacob is in middle school. He tells his friends that he is worried that he would fail in his biology test because the biology project reviewer deliberately asked him tough questions that he could not answer. This scenario illustrates the _____.

Accepted Answer

Jacob's concern reflects an external attribution style because he attributes his potential failure not to his own abilities or efforts but to the external factor of the biology project reviewer asking him tough questions. This style involves blaming external circumstances or other people for one's own failures or shortcomings.

Question 8

Identify a true statement about school phobia.

Accepted Answer

It is not recommended for children with school phobia to stay at home as it can reinforce the avoidance behavior and make it harder for them to return to school. Most professionals recommend a gradual exposure therapy approach to overcome school phobia. Choice B is incorrect as corporal punishment is not a recommended treatment and can worsen the problem. Choice C is incorrect as antidepressant medication can be helpful in treating school phobia in some cases. However, it is not the first line of treatment and should be used in conjunction with therapy. Choice D is incorrect as it contradicts the previous statement about the use of antidepressant medication.

Question 9

In the context of research conducted by Grusec & Davidov in 2015, which of the following is true of middle childhood?

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the context of research conducted by...

Question 10

A difference between children in middle childhood and children in their preschool years is that:

Accepted Answer

The answer of A difference between children in middle childhood...

Question 11

Which of the following statements is true of peer relationships?

Accepted Answer

Peers do afford practice in cooperating, relating to leaders, and coping with aggressive impulses. This is because peer relationships require negotiation, compromise, communication, and understanding others' perspectives. Through these interactions, children learn important social skills that will serve them well throughout their lives.

Question 12

Children with conduct disorders:

Accepted Answer

Children with conduct disorders tend to display a pattern of behavior that violates the basic rights of others or age-appropriate societal norms. They often blame other people for their problems and are not likely to take responsibility for their actions. Temper flare-ups and a low tolerance for frustration are often seen in children with conduct disorders, and they may also engage in early sexual activity due to impulsivity and poor decision-making skills. Therefore, options A, B, and D are incorrect.

Question 13

In middle childhood, perceived low levels of competence are linked to _____.

Accepted Answer

Perceived low levels of competence are often linked to feelings of inadequacy, disappointment, and sadness, all of which are common symptoms of depression. Low self-esteem would also be a likely result of perceived low levels of competence, not high self-esteem. Extraversion and egocentrism are not typically linked to perceived levels of competence in middle childhood.

Question 14

According to research by El-Sheikh in 2007, when children are exposed to adult or marital conflict, they display a biological "alarm reaction,":

Accepted Answer

El-Sheikh's research found that when children are exposed to adult or marital conflict, their heart rate rises sharply as part of their biological "alarm reaction."

Question 15

According to Robert Selman, children in__________of perspective-taking skills are most likely to consider the fact that society expects children to obey their parents.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Robert Selman, children in__________of perspective-taking...

Question 16

Jerome is 10 years old. When he was younger, his mother cooked healthy food for him at home and chose healthy meals at restaurants as well. Jerome now picks healthy meals and snacks as taught by his mother. In this scenario, Jerome is involved in:

Accepted Answer

Coregulation is the process by which the caregiver provides the child with the necessary support and guidance to gradually become independent and self-regulated. In this scenario, Jerome's mother taught him about healthy food choices, leading Jerome to now pick healthy meals and snacks, reflecting coregulation.

Question 17

According to the five levels of perspective-taking skills in childhood as described by Robert Selman, children in level 0:

Accepted Answer

Level 0 in Selman's five levels of perspective-taking skills in childhood is characterized by egocentrism, meaning children in this level do not realize that other people have perspectives different from their own.

Question 18

Sarah is a middle school teacher. She believes that Aaron, a fifth grader, is a bright student even though his performance so far has been average. Sarah pays more attention to Aaron, mentors him, and helps him with his lab experiments. As a result, Aaron gets better grades toward the end of the year. This scenario exemplifies _____.

Accepted Answer

The scenario exemplifies the Pygmalion effect, which refers to the phenomenon where higher expectations lead to an increase in performance. The teacher's belief in Aaron's potential and her increased attention to him likely boosted his confidence and motivation, resulting in better grades. The other options do not apply to this scenario.

Question 19

_____ refers to the development of children's understanding of the relationship between the self and others.

Accepted Answer

Social cognition refers to the development of children's understanding of the relationship between the self and others, including concepts such as perspective-taking, theory of mind, and empathy. Coregulation refers to the mutually supportive interactions between parents and children to achieve goals, while social stratification refers to the ways in which societies distribute resources and opportunities unequally among different groups. Resocialization refers to the process of learning new norms, values, and behaviors in a new social environment, often through institutionalization or other forms of social control.

Question 20

Five-year-old Timothy is preoccupied with death since his grandfather passed away a year ago. He frequently asks his parents about death and dying. He clings to his parents and insists that they stay with him at all times, day and night. Timothy is most likely suffering from:

Accepted Answer

Timothy's preoccupation with death and his clinginess suggest that he is experiencing separation anxiety disorder. This disorder often occurs after a significant loss or change, and is characterized by excessive anxiety about separation from attachment figures, persistent worry about harm befalling them, and avoidance of being alone. Timothy's behavior is not consistent with body dysmorphic disorder, narcissistic personality disorder, or ADHD.

Quiz 13: Middle Childhood: Social and Emotional Development