Question 1

Deficits in memory as a function of brain damage, disease, or psychological trauma are known collectively as
A) aphasia.
B) agnosia.
C) anomia.
D) amnesia.

Accepted Answer

Deficits in memory as a function of brain damage, disease, or psychological trauma are known as amnesia.

Question 2

Barbara remembers that Madrid is the capital of Spain, but she has no idea when or where she acquired this knowledge. Her memory is accurate, but her memory is incomplete.
A) semantic ; episodic
B) nonassociative ; semantic
C) episodic ; implicit
D) explicit ; implicit

Accepted Answer

The knowledge that Madrid is the capital of Spain falls under semantic memory, which is our general knowledge about the world. Barbara cannot recall when or where she acquired this knowledge, indicating incomplete episodic memory (our memory of specific events). Therefore, the best choice is A) semantic and episodic.

Question 3

Patient H.M. is to the as patients with Korsakoff's syndrome are to the .
A) medial temporal lobes ; cerebellum
B) cerebellum ; diencephalon
C) diencephalon ; medial temporal lobes
D) medial temporal lobes ; diencephalon

Accepted Answer

Patient H.M. had bilateral surgical removal of his medial temporal lobes, resulting in severe amnesia. Patients with Korsakoff's syndrome, on the other hand, typically have damage to the diencephalon, especially the thalamus and hypothalamus, leading to severe memory impairment, confabulation, and other cognitive deficits. Therefore, the best choice is D, where Patient H.M. is associated with the medial temporal lobes, and patients with Korsakoff's syndrome are associated with the diencephalon.

Question 4

After suffering a severe head injury, a patient demonstrates a dense anterograde amnesia. She
A) has trouble remembering events that occurred before the injury.
B) cannot remember events that occurred after the injury.
C) has equal difficulty remembering events that occurred before and after her injury.
D) has normal long-term memory but impaired working memory.

Accepted Answer

Anterograde amnesia is a type of amnesia that causes difficulty in forming new memories after the onset of the disorder. Therefore, the patient in this scenario would have trouble remembering events that occurred after the head injury, but may still remember events that occurred before the injury.

Question 5

Recent neuroimaging and neuropsychological work in memory has attempted to disentangle , which seems to implicate the hippocampus and the posterior parahippocampal cortex, from
, which seems to implicate the perirhinal cortex.
A) acquisition ; consolidation
B) consolidation ; acquisition
C) recollection ; familiarity
D) familiarity ; recollection

Accepted Answer

The disentangling mentioned in the sentence refers to the separation of two processes, recollection and familiarity. The hippocampus and the posterior parahippocampal cortex are important for recollection, while the perirhinal cortex is important for familiarity. Therefore, the correct choice is C, recollection and familiarity.

Question 6

The memory performance of patients K.F. and E.E., when compared to the memory performance of people with amnesia, such as patient H.M, demonstrates a double dissociation between two types of memory. Which of the following statements best describes these results?
A) H.M. has a deficit limited to explicit memory, whereas K.F. and E.E. have deficits limited to implicit memory.
B) H.M. has a deficit limited to long-term memory, whereas K.F. and E.E. have deficits limited to short-term memory.
C) H.M. has anterograde amnesia, whereas K.F. and E.E. have retrograde amnesia.
D) H.M. has an injury to the medial temporal lobes, whereas K.F. and E.E. have injuries to the lateral temporal lobes.

Accepted Answer

H.M. had a deficit in forming new long-term memories (explicit memory) after his surgery, which removed parts of his hippocampus to treat epilepsy, demonstrating a problem with transferring information from short-term to long-term memory. In contrast, patients like K.F. and E.E. typically have deficits in short-term or working memory, often due to damage in different brain areas, showing that these types of memory are supported by different neural structures and processes. This contrast illustrates a double dissociation between long-term and short-term memory systems.

Question 7

Which of the following would be the most difficult for the famous patient H.M. and other patients with medial temporal lobe removal?
A) reading a string of numbers written on a piece of paper
B) remembering a series of seven numbers for 20 seconds
C) learning the words for numbers in a foreign language
D) improving in the ability to write numbers with the nondominant hand

Accepted Answer

Patients with medial temporal lobe removal, like H.M., typically struggle with forming new explicit (declarative) memories, such as learning new facts or concepts, which would include learning the words for numbers in a foreign language. Tasks involving short-term memory, procedural learning, or basic reading are generally less affected.

Question 8

In the delayed nonmatching to sample task, animals are taught in a single trial that a specific object is associated with a food reward. When this object is shown again in a subsequent trial in the presence of a new object, the animal
A) must select the old object again to receive a food reward.
B) must select the new item to receive a food reward.
C) must select first the old item, then the new item, to receive a food reward.
D) must select first the new item, then the old item, to receive a food reward.

Accepted Answer

In the delayed nonmatching to sample task, the animal is required to select the novel object in order to receive a food reward. This is because they have already been taught that the old object is associated with a food reward, and selecting it again would not require any cognitive effort or memory recall. Therefore, selecting the new object demonstrates the animal's ability to remember the previous trial and make a novel selection.

Question 9

Classical conditioning is an example of a specific type of memory.
A) priming
B) semantic
C) episodic
D) nondeclarative

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning is a type of nondeclarative (also known as implicit) memory, which refers to memories that are acquired and used unconsciously. Priming, semantic, and episodic memory are all examples of declarative (also known as explicit) memory, which refers to memories that are consciously recalled.

Question 10

Which brain structure is located in the medial temporal lobe and is of particular importance in the formation of new long-term memories?
A) the hypothalamus
B) the colliculus
C) the hippocampus
D) the caudate

Accepted Answer

The hippocampus is located in the medial temporal lobe and plays a key role in the formation of new long-term memories.

Question 11

Which of the following statements is true of the kind of amnesia demonstrated by people with bilateral hippocampal damage like patients H.M. and R.B.) or people with diencephalon injury like people with Korsakoff's syndrome)?
A) They forget their dates of birth.
B) They can still learn new skills, such as the serial reaction time task, after the injury.
C) They remember meeting new people after the injury.
D) They have good memory for learning facts after the injury but fail to show priming effects.

Accepted Answer

Patients with bilateral hippocampal damage or diencephalon injury demonstrate anterograde amnesia, which means they have difficulty forming new memories after the injury. However, they can still learn new skills like the serial reaction time task through implicit learning, which does not require conscious recollection. Option A is incorrect because patients with hippocampal damage may forget events from their past, but they usually remember basic information like their date of birth. Option C is incorrect because patients with these types of amnesia have difficulty forming new memories of people they meet after the injury. Option D is incorrect because patients with anterograde amnesia have difficulty with both explicit and implicit memory, so they would also have difficulty with priming effects.

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT an area of cortex in the medial temporal lobe that interacts with the hippocampus in the formation of new long-term memories?
A) cingulate
B) entorhinal
C) parahippocampal
D) perirhinal

Accepted Answer

The cingulate cortex is not located in the medial temporal lobe; rather, it is located in the medial frontal lobe and is involved in various cognitive and emotional processes, including attention, decision-making, and empathy. The entorhinal cortex, parahippocampal cortex, and perirhinal cortex, on the other hand, are all located in the medial temporal lobe and are extensively interconnected with the hippocampus in the formation of new long-term memories.

Question 13

A 1957 study of patients who had undergone removal of the medial temporal lobe for the treatment of epilepsy suggested that
A) the removal of either the right or the left medial temporal lobe results in profound amnesia.
B) greater amnesia is associated with the removal of the left medial temporal lobe.
C) greater amnesia is associated with the removal of the right medial temporal lobe.
D) profound amnesia is associated only with bilateral medial temporal lobe removal.

Accepted Answer

The study, most famously involving patient H.M., showed that profound amnesia occurred only after the removal of both sides of the medial temporal lobes, highlighting the critical role of these structures in memory formation.

Question 14

Your favorite cartoon character has been struck over the head and can no longer remember his name or where he lives. This is an example of
A) anterograde aphasia.
B) retrograde aphasia.
C) anterograde amnesia.
D) retrograde amnesia.

Accepted Answer

This situation describes retrograde amnesia, which is a type of amnesia where the person cannot remember events that occurred prior to the onset of amnesia. In this case, the cartoon character cannot remember his name or where he lives, indicating that he has lost memories from before the head injury.

Question 15

Neuroimaging studies of the left and right hemispheres in memory function indicate that
A) memory structures in the brain are similar in function in the left and right hemispheres.
B) encoding and retrieval processes in long-term memory may be lateralized to different hemispheres.
C) implicit memory function is localized primarily to the left hemisphere, whereas explicit memory is localized to the right hemisphere.
D) working memory information is processed primarily in the left hemisphere.

Accepted Answer

Neuroimaging studies have provided evidence that encoding processes in long-term memory may rely more on the left hemisphere, while retrieval processes may be more lateralized to the right hemisphere. This suggests that different hemispheres may have different roles in different stages of memory function.

Question 16

It appears that the medial temporal lobes and the diencephalon are important in consolidating explicit long-term memories but are not themselves the storage sites for this knowledge because
A) most skills and habits acquired before injury to these structures will remain intact.
B) only priming and conditioning show signs of impairment following damage to these structures.
C) only nonassociative learning and priming show signs of impairment following damage to these structures.
D) most episodic and semantic memories acquired before injury to these structures will remain intact.

Accepted Answer

The statement "most episodic and semantic memories acquired before injury to these structures will remain intact" suggests that the medial temporal lobes and diencephalon are not the primary storage sites for explicit long-term memories, but rather play a role in their consolidation. Option A is incorrect because it suggests that certain types of memories will be impaired following injury, which is not necessarily the case. Option B is incorrect because it suggests that only priming and conditioning are affected by damage to these structures, which is not accurate. Option C is incorrect because it suggests that only nonassociative learning and priming are impacted, which is also not necessarily true.

Question 17

Following a case of encephalitis, a person has developed lesions in his anterior temporal lobes, but his medial temporal structures are intact. Which of the following is most likely to be true of this person?
A) The person has isolated anterograde amnesia.
B) The person has isolated retrograde amnesia.
C) The person has Korsakoff's syndrome.
D) The person has a specific deficit of implicit memory.

Accepted Answer

Lesions in the anterior temporal lobes can lead to issues with processing and retrieving past memories, which is characteristic of retrograde amnesia. This condition affects the ability to recall information that was learned before the onset of amnesia. Since the medial temporal structures, which are crucial for the formation of new memories, are intact, anterograde amnesia (difficulty forming new memories) is less likely. Korsakoff's syndrome is associated with chronic alcoholism and thiamine deficiency, not specifically with anterior temporal lobe damage. Implicit memory, which involves unconscious memory like skills and conditioned responses, is not typically affected by anterior temporal lobe damage.

Question 18

does NOT affect behavior consciously.
A) Nondeclarative memory
B) Declarative memory
C) Episodic memory
D) Explicit memory

Accepted Answer

Nondeclarative memory, also known as implicit memory, affects behavior unconsciously, unlike declarative, episodic, and explicit memories, which involve conscious recollection.

Question 19

Neuroimaging work has suggested that during the retrieval of a list of studied items, the hippocampus is most active
A) for items that are correctly recollected as old items.
B) for items that are incorrectly recollected as old items.
C) for items that are correctly rejected as new items.
D) for items that are incorrectly rejected as new items.

Accepted Answer

Neuroimaging studies have shown that the hippocampus is most active during the retrieval of items that are correctly recollected as old items. This suggests that the hippocampus is important for the successful retrieval of previously studied information. The hippocampus is not as active for items that are incorrectly recollected or rejected as new, indicating that it is not as important for these types of retrieval.

Question 20

After a brain injury, a person is found to have isolated retrograde amnesia. Which of the following brain regions is probably damaged?
A) the medial temporal lobes
B) the anterior temporal lobes
C) the superior parietal lobes
D) the dorsolateral frontal lobes

Accepted Answer

The answer of After a brain injury, a person is...

Quiz 9: Memory

Deficits in memory as a function of brain damage, disease, or psychological trauma are known collectively as

Barbara remembers that Madrid is the capital of Spain, but she has no idea when or where she acquired this knowledge. Her memory is accurate, but her memory is incomplete.

Patient H.M. is to the as patients with Korsakoff's syndrome are to the .

After suffering a severe head injury, a patient demonstrates a dense anterograde amnesia. She

Recent neuroimaging and neuropsychological work in memory has attempted to disentangle , which seems to implicate the hippocampus and the posterior parahippocampal cortex, from , which seems to implicate the perirhinal cortex.

The memory performance of patients K.F. and E.E., when compared to the memory performance of people with amnesia, such as patient H.M, demonstrates a double dissociation between two types of memory. Which of the following statements best describes these results?

Which of the following would be the most difficult for the famous patient H.M. and other patients with medial temporal lobe removal?

In the delayed nonmatching to sample task, animals are taught in a single trial that a specific object is associated with a food reward. When this object is shown again in a subsequent trial in the presence of a new object, the animal

Classical conditioning is an example of a specific type of memory.

Which brain structure is located in the medial temporal lobe and is of particular importance in the formation of new long-term memories?

Which of the following statements is true of the kind of amnesia demonstrated by people with bilateral hippocampal damage like patients H.M. and R.B.) or people with diencephalon injury like people with Korsakoff's syndrome) ?

Which of the following is NOT an area of cortex in the medial temporal lobe that interacts with the hippocampus in the formation of new long-term memories?

A 1957 study of patients who had undergone removal of the medial temporal lobe for the treatment of epilepsy suggested that

Your favorite cartoon character has been struck over the head and can no longer remember his name or where he lives. This is an example of

Neuroimaging studies of the left and right hemispheres in memory function indicate that

It appears that the medial temporal lobes and the diencephalon are important in consolidating explicit long-term memories but are not themselves the storage sites for this knowledge because

Following a case of encephalitis, a person has developed lesions in his anterior temporal lobes, but his medial temporal structures are intact. Which of the following is most likely to be true of this person?

does NOT affect behavior consciously.

Neuroimaging work has suggested that during the retrieval of a list of studied items, the hippocampus is most active

After a brain injury, a person is found to have isolated retrograde amnesia. Which of the following brain regions is probably damaged?