Question 1

If the clearance of a substance is greater than glomerular filtration rate, then that substance was (reabsorbed / secreted) in the tubules.

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Question 2

In spite of the large volume of fluid that enters the kidneys every day, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is highly regulated to minimize changes that might alter urine output. Describe the intrinsic mechanisms involved in the maintenance of GFR in the presence of a stimulus that would elevate GFR.

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Question 3

Ultimately, our ability to assess the function of the kidneys involves measuring what is excreted in urine. Describe the methods used to assess the function of the kidneys (glomerular filtration rate [GFR]), including the calculations and ions involved in that assessment.

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Question 4

Although some of the mechanisms are the same, the functions of the proximal and distal tubules are quite different. Compare and contrast the structural differences between epithelial cells in the proximal and distal tubes.

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Question 5

The (tubular epithelial cell / peritubular capillary endothelial cell) forms the primary barrier for reabsorption of most solutes.

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Question 6

Compared to the distal tubule, the proximal tubule utilizes (more / less) ATP.

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Question 7

If solute A is actively transported across the basolateral membrane into the epithelial cell and then passively crosses the apical membrane, then is A (reabsorbed / secreted) across this epithelium.

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Question 8

Glomerular filtration rate is controlled by both intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms. Describe the extrinsic mechanism with particular emphasis on how it would respond to a hemorrhage.

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Question 9

Compared to the distal tubule, the proximal tubule has (tighter / leakier) tight junctions.

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Question 10

Glucose is an important component of the blood that is usually completely reabsorbed (there is no glucose in the urine). Outline the process whereby glucose is transported across the tubular epithelial cells, including the concepts of transport maximum and renal threshold.

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Question 11

If solute B moves passively across the basolateral membrane and is actively transported out of the epithelial cell across the apical membrane, then B is (reabsorbed / secreted) across this epithelium.

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Question 12

The smooth muscle of the bladder is (single -unit / multi -unit) smooth muscle.

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Question 13

In order for a nephron to act as a filter, the plasma must be able to exit the vasculature. Describe the balance of Starling's forces across the glomerular capillaries that drives the movement of plasma and the pathway that plasma takes as it becomes filtrate.

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Question 14

Explain how diabetes mellitus causes polyuria.

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Question 15

In order for urine to be eliminated, the process of micturition must be initiated. Describe the process whereby urine generated by the kidneys reaches the bladder and how that urine is voided from the bladder.

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Question 16

If solute C moves passively across the basolateral membrane and is actively transported into the epithelial cell across the apical membrane, then C is (reabsorbed / secreted) across this epithelium.

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Question 17

In response to a loss of blood, the sympathetically -induced (increase / decrease) in renal vascular resistance will cause glomerular filtration rate to (increase / decrease).

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Question 18

The vasculature of the kidneys is quite unique in its organization. This organization has consequences for the control of the renal vasculature. Describe the vasculature of the kidneys, including the consequences of the high resistance of the efferent arteriole.

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Question 19

(Clearance / Secretion) is a measure of the volume of plasma from which a substance is completely removed by the kidneys.

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Question 20

If the amount of a solute excreted in the urine per minute is less than the filtered load, then that solute had to have been (reabsorbed / secreted) in the renal tubules.

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Quiz 18: The Urinary System: Renal Function