Question 1

The transport of material across the gastrointestinal tract normally leads to a net gain of solutes and water by the body.

Accepted Answer

The gastrointestinal tract is responsible for absorbing nutrients and water from food and drink. This process leads to a net gain of solutes and water by the body, which is essential for maintaining proper hydration and nutrition.

Question 2

As the body becomes dehydrated, the osmolarity of the body fluids decreases.

Accepted Answer

As the body becomes dehydrated, the osmolarity of the body fluids increases, as there is less water to dilute the solutes in the body.

Question 3

Diagnosis of the source of an acid- base disturbance is important for determining the cause of the change in pH. Identify the characteristics of the acid- base disturbances and how the body would respond to those changes.

Accepted Answer

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Question 4

The recovery of potassium from the filtrate that enters Bowman's capsule is an important function of the kidneys. Describe the mechanisms whereby potassium is secreted and/or reabsorbed in each segment of the kidney tubules.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The recovery of potassium from the filtrate...

Question 5

Hormonal regulation plays an important role in the long- term control of blood pressure. Identify the hormones outlined in this chapter that play a role in the long- term regulation of blood pressure, how those hormones are regulated, and the mechanisms they use to affect blood pressure.

Accepted Answer

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Question 6

Renal compensation is the final mechanism for the reversal of pH change within the body. Describe the mechanisms that underlie renal compensation, including the proteins involved in hydrogen and bicarbonate transport within the proximal and distal tubules. Include mechanisms for synthesis of new bicarbonate.

Accepted Answer

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Question 7

The maintenance of plasma calcium has important implications. Describe the mechanisms whereby plasma calcium concentrations are regulated by hormones.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The maintenance of plasma calcium has important...

Question 8

The balance of acid and base within the blood plays an important role in a number of bodily functions. How do changes in the pH of the blood affect bodily functions?

Accepted Answer

The answer of The balance of acid and base within...

Question 9

In both the proximal and distal tubules, the reabsorption of sodium involves the active transport of sodium across the basolateral membrane.

Accepted Answer

The reabsorption of sodium in both the proximal and distal tubules involves active transport of sodium across the basolateral membrane.

Question 10

Acid- base balance is regulated by a number of systems. Describe the sources of respiratory acidosis and alkalosis as well as metabolic acidosis and alkalosis.

Accepted Answer

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Question 11

The recovery of sodium from the filtrate that enters Bowman's capsule is an important function of the kidneys. Describe the mechanisms for sodium reabsorption in the distal tubules and collecting ducts and the hormonal mechanisms involved in its regulation.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The recovery of sodium from the filtrate...

Question 12

In comparison with the renal cortex, fluid in the proximal tubule is hyperosmotic.

Accepted Answer

Fluid in the proximal tubule is isosmotic relative to the renal cortex, meaning it has the same osmolarity.

Question 13

Osmolarity of the fluid in the descending limb of the loop of Henle is greater than the osmolarity of the fluid in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle at any given level in the renal medulla.

Accepted Answer

This statement is true because the descending limb is permeable to water but not salt, allowing for water reabsorption and concentration of solutes, while the ascending limb is impermeable to water but actively pumps out salt, leading to dilution of the fluid.

Question 14

Changes in acid- base balance are continuously occurring. The body must adjust to those changes through three mechanisms that differ in their ability to affect pH and in their time courses. Describe the three mechanisms that respond to changes in blood pH and their temporal course.

Accepted Answer

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Quiz 19: The Urinary System: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance