Question 1

Melvin is an elementary-school teacher who rewards his students with extra playing time whenever they do well on a class assignment.In this scenario,which of the following techniques is Melvin using to motivate his students to work harder?

Accepted Answer

Melvin is using positive reinforcement, which involves rewarding desired behavior in order to encourage its repetition. By giving extra playing time as a reward for doing well on an assignment, Melvin is motivating his students to work harder in order to receive that reward.

Question 2

Classical conditioning explains how neutral stimuli become associated with _____.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning involves associating a neutral stimulus with an involuntary response, such as salivation or fear, which occurs automatically without conscious thought.

Question 3

Jenny received a lot of praise in class when she was the only one who did her homework on time.As a result,Jenny has never had to be reminded to do her homework;she always submits it on time.In this scenario,Jenny's behavior illustrates _____.

Accepted Answer

Jenny's behavior is an example of Thorndike's law of effect, which states that behaviors that are positively reinforced are more likely to be repeated in the future. The praise Jenny received for completing her homework on time serves as a positive reinforcement, leading her to continue to do her homework on time without needing to be reminded. Pavlov's theory of classical conditioning involves forming associations between stimuli, so it is not applicable in this scenario. The concept of instinctive drift describes how animals may revert to instinctive behaviors even when they have been trained to do something else, which is not applicable in Jenny's situation. The placebo effect involves experiencing the benefits of a treatment or intervention without actually receiving a real treatment, which is also not applicable in this scenario.

Question 4

The _____ in psychology states that behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened and that behaviors followed by negative outcomes are weakened.

Accepted Answer

The law of effect is a fundamental principle of operant conditioning, which proposes that behaviors that result in positive outcomes or rewards are likely to be repeated, while behaviors that result in negative outcomes or punishments are less likely to be repeated. This principle was first introduced by Edward Thorndike in the early 20th century and is still considered a key concept in modern psychology.

Question 5

Identify the accurate statement in the context of operant conditioning.

Accepted Answer

Operant conditioning is a type of associative learning that occurs when the consequences of a behavior (positive or negative reinforcement, punishment, extinction) increase or decrease the likelihood of that behavior occurring again in the future. Therefore, option B is the accurate statement. In contrast, option A is incorrect since the contingency factor (the relationship between the behavior and its consequences) is a crucial aspect of operant conditioning. Option C is also incorrect, as Ivan Pavlov is primarily associated with classical conditioning, another type of associative learning. Option D is incorrect because operant conditioning is not based on the association between stimuli but on the association between behavior and their consequences.

Question 6

In a television advertisement,a young man is shown to be the center of attraction for young and attractive models because he drives the luxury car brand,Exotica.The advertisement targets young,single men.In the context of embedded marketing,which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

The answer of In a television advertisement,a young man is...

Question 7

George drinks three glasses of wine at home every evening,but rarely feels its effect.However,he feels the immediate effect of a single glass of wine on the rare occasions that he goes to a bar.Which of the following classical conditioning concepts best explains this discrepancy in George's responses?

Accepted Answer

The discrepancy in George's response can be explained by the concept of habituation, which refers to a decrease in responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations. Since George regularly drinks three glasses of wine at home, his body has become habituated to the effects of alcohol, which explains why he rarely feels its effect. However, when George goes to a bar and drinks a single glass of wine, his body is not habituated to the new environment and therefore, he feels the immediate effects of the alcohol. Positive reinforcement, renewal, and generalization do not adequately explain this discrepancy in George's responses.

Question 8

Which of the following is true of drug habituation in the context of classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

In classical conditioning, drug habituation involves the body developing a conditioned response that is opposite to the unconditioned response to counteract the drug's effects, preparing the body for the drug's impact.

Question 9

Which of the following is true about classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which an organism learns to associate a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that naturally triggers a specific response. This type of learning is also known as respondent behavior.

Question 10

Kenny ate too many hotdogs at a baseball game.Several hours later,he felt nauseated and spent most of the night being sick.In the context of taste aversion learning,it is likely that Kenny will _____ as a result of this experience.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Kenny ate too many hotdogs at a...

Question 11

Operant conditioning is a form of learning that _____.

Accepted Answer

Operant conditioning focuses on the association between behaviors and the stimuli that follow them, specifically how consequences (rewards or punishments) shape behavior.

Question 12

In the context of classical conditioning,_____ refers to the decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations.

Accepted Answer

Habituation is the process where an organism becomes less responsive to a stimulus after being exposed to it multiple times. This is a basic form of learning where the organism learns to stop responding to a stimulus that is no longer relevant or provides no meaningful information.

Question 13

The psychologist who used puzzle boxes in his experiments to establish the power of consequences in determining voluntary behavior was _____.

Accepted Answer

E.L. Thorndike conducted experiments using puzzle boxes with cats and observed that they learned to escape the box quicker with repeated trials, establishing the principle of the law of effect – the consequence of a response determines its future likelihood.

Question 14

Classical conditioning _____.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning focuses on the association between two stimuli, such as Pavlov's dog associating the sound of a bell with food. It is a form of respondent behavior, which is automatic and involuntary, rather than voluntary behavior. B.F. Skinner is not associated with classical conditioning, but instead developed the concept of operant conditioning.

Question 15

Caleb,the owner of a small garage,is particular about paying his employees more than they ask for.He believes that this action will prevent his employees from leaving the organization due to job dissatisfaction.In this scenario,Caleb is using _____ in operant conditioning to ensure a desired outcome.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Caleb,the owner of a small garage,is particular...

Question 16

Which of the following statements about taste aversion learning is true?

Accepted Answer

Taste aversion learning is a type of classical conditioning in which an animal learns to avoid a particular food or drink after consuming it and experiencing nausea or illness. It only requires one pairing of the taste with the nausea and can occur even if the taste is not the direct cause of the illness. It is not a form of negative punishment, which involves the removal of a desirable stimulus to decrease a behavior.

Question 17

Classical conditioning is a form of _____.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning is a form of associative learning, where two stimuli are associated with each other to create a response. Observational learning involves learning by observing others and copying their behavior. Voluntary learning refers to intentional learning where the individual actively seeks out new information. Latent learning is when learning occurs but is not immediately expressed in the behavior of the subject.

Question 18

The sale of a new brand of flavored water,Taste Fun,soared after it was used in many scenes in the latest blockbuster action movie.In the context of classical conditioning,it is likely that the sudden increase in sales is due to:

Accepted Answer

The sudden increase in sales of Taste Fun flavored water after it was shown in many scenes in the latest blockbuster action movie can be attributed to embedded marketing, which involves the subtle inclusion of a brand or product in a media or entertainment context to generate brand awareness and increase sales. This is an example of classical conditioning, where the repeated association of a stimulus (in this case, Taste Fun water) with a certain context or event (in this case, the action movie) creates a conditioned response (increased sales). Avoidance learning, negative reinforcement, and brand equity are not relevant in this scenario.

Question 19

In the context of operant conditioning,_____ refers to rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior.

Accepted Answer

Shaping is a technique in operant conditioning in which an organism is rewarded for successive approximations toward a target behavior. It involves breaking down the desired behavior into smaller, achievable steps and rewarding each step until the whole behavior is learned. This reinforces the desired behavior and helps the organism learn complex behaviors. Acquisition refers to the initial stage of learning a new behavior through reinforcement, modeling refers to learning through observation and imitation, and habituation refers to a decreased response to a stimulus after repeated exposure.

Question 20

Just as it does in classical conditioning,_____ plays a key role in operant conditioning.

Accepted Answer

Contingency refers to the relationship between a behavior and its consequences, which is the backbone of operant conditioning. The contingency determines whether the behavior will increase or decrease in frequency. Spontaneous recovery refers to the reappearance of a previously extinguished response, and instinctive drift refers to the tendency of an animal to revert to innate behaviors instead of learned behaviors. Preparedness refers to the idea that animals are biologically predisposed to learning certain associations more easily than others. While each of these concepts may play a role in operant conditioning, contingency is essential to the process.

Quiz 6: Learning